C3.2

Question 1

how are blood clots formed

Answer 1

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin and trapping of erythrocytes to form a clot.

Question 2

where are lymphocytes found

Answer 2

in blood circling around and in lymph nodes

Question 3

why do antibiotics not work w virus’s

Answer 3

cause they attack metabolism and cell walls

that virusus dont have

Question 4

a vaccine provides

Answer 4

immunity to a specific disease by mimicing action of antigen to create memory B cells (causing quick action if pathogen is encounted)

Question 5

Immunisation is……

Answer 5

the process where our bodies develop immunity
and become resistant to a disease

Question 6

a quicker immune response can be caused by

Answer 6

multiple dose vaccines as it can create long-lived antibidies and more antibodies in blood

Question 7

a zoonosis is

Answer 7

An infection that can be transmitted from non-human animals
(known as the reservoir) to humans

Question 8

What kind of pathogens can cause a zoonosis?

Answer 8

can be Viral, bacterial, fungal or protist pathogens

Question 9

what can cause spillovers

Answer 9

Handling wild animals, consuming their meat, poaching, animal
markets and deforestation

Question 10

Tuberculosis

caused by
spreads from
through…
leads to

Answer 10

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria

ii) Zoonotic tuberculosis is a form that can spread from cattle to
humans

iii) Through contaminated food like untreated dairy products

iv) Leads to cough, chest pains, coughing up blood and phlegm
(impacts lungs)

Question 11

rabies

caused by
spreads from
through…
leads to

Answer 11

Caused by rabies virus RABV

spreads from infected (rabid) animal through bites/scratches

Virus is present in saliva of the animal and enters the human,
impacting nervous system

Transmitted from bats, raccoons, foxes and dogs

Symptoms of fever and headache, which develop into
neurological issues, agitation, hallucinations, salivation
(impacts brain).

Question 12

Japanese Encephalitis

caused by
spreads from
through…
leads to

Answer 12

Zoonotic disease caused by japanese encephalitis virus
ii) Infects pigs/aquatic wading birds

iii) Passes from these animals to humans (and also dogs, cattle,
sheep and horses) by bite of an infected mosquito.

(1) Not passed from human to human

iv) Symptoms of fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle pain
(impacts brain, stomach).

Question 13

covid -19

caused by
spreads from
through…
leads to

Answer 13

Virus that causes respiratory diseases

ii) Transmitted from bats, with intermediate host being civets
and pangolins (seen in exotic markets)

iii) Then spreads to humans
iv) From humans can
spread to cats, dogs, tigers and gorillas

v) Symptoms of fever, chills, cough, fatigue, nausea, vomiting,
aches (impacts lungs, brain).

Question 14

herd immunity

Answer 14

Indirect immunity from an infectious disease

that happens when a large proportion of the population are immune to the infection

either by vaccination or previous infection(s)

Question 15

percentage change formula

Answer 15

((new-old)/old) x 100

Question 16

percentage difference fomula

Answer 16

(v1-v2) / (v1+v2)