Cardiovascular system

Question 1

What is the aorta?

Answer 1

The largest artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Question 2

Where does oxygenation of blood occur?

Answer 2

In the alveoli of the lungs.

Question 3

What does the mitral (bicuspid) valve separate?

Answer 3

The left atrium and left ventricle.

Question 4

What does the tricuspid valve separate?

Answer 4

The right atrium and right ventricle.

Question 5

What does the pulmonary valve separate?

Answer 5

The right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Question 6

What does the aortic valve separate?

Answer 6

The left ventricle and the aorta.

Question 7

What vessel carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body?

Answer 7

The aorta.

Question 8

Which veins carry oxygenated blood?

Answer 8

The pulmonary veins.

Question 9

What vessels bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

Answer 9

The superior and inferior vena cava.

Question 10

What do the chordae tendineae do?

Answer 10

Prevent backflow of blood by holding the AV valves closed.

Question 11

What do arteries do?

Answer 11

Carry blood away from the heart.

Question 12

What are arterioles?

Answer 12

Small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries.

Question 13

What are venules?

Answer 13

The smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries

Question 14

What do venous valves do?

Answer 14

Prevent backflow of blood in veins.

Question 15

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Answer 15

Plaque buildup in coronary arteries that reduces blood flow to the heart.

Question 16

What is angina?

Answer 16

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

Question 17

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

Answer 17

The heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

Question 18

What is orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 18

Sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up quickly.

Question 19

What causes rheumatic heart disease?

Answer 19

Immune reaction to untreated streptococcal infection.

Question 20

What is valvular stenosis?

Answer 20

Narrowing of a heart valve that obstructs blood flow.

Question 21

What is valvular incompetence?

Answer 21

A heart valve that does not close completely, causing backflow of blood.

Question 22

What is mitral valve prolapse?

Answer 22

A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the left atrium.

Question 23

What is regurgitation in heart valves?

Answer 23

Backward flow of blood through a valve that does not close properly.

Question 24

What is arteriosclerosis

Answer 24

Thickening and hardening of artery walls with loss of elasticity.

Question 25

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 25

A type of arteriosclerosis caused by plaque buildup inside arteries.

Question 26

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 26

A balloon-like bulge in a weakened artery wall.

Question 27

What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Answer 27

Plaque buildup in arteries that supply blood to the legs.

Question 28

What are varicose veins?

Answer 28

Twisted, enlarged superficial veins, usually in the legs.

Question 29

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer 29

A blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs.

Question 30

What is phlebitis?

Answer 30

Inflammation of a vein.

Question 31

What is thrombophlebitis?

Answer 31

Inflammation of a vein caused by a blood clot (thrombus).

Question 32

What is normal blood pressure?

Answer 32

About 120/80 mm Hg (systolic ~120, diastolic <80)

Question 33

What blood pressure range indicates prehypertension?

Answer 33

120–139 systolic or 80–89 diastolic

Question 34

What blood pressure range indicates Stage 1 hypertension?

Answer 34

140–159 systolic or 90–99 diastolic

Question 35

What blood pressure range indicates Stage 2 hypertension?

Answer 35

≥160 systolic or ≥100 diastolic

Question 36

Why is aspirin commonly given for heart disease or suspected heart attack?

Answer 36

It acts as an antiplatelet to help prevent blood clots.

Question 37

What do thrombolytic drugs do?

Answer 37

They dissolve blood clots.

Question 38

What do statin medications do?

Answer 38

Lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and slightly increase HDL.

Question 39

Why is HDL considered good cholesterol?

Answer 39

Higher HDL helps reduce the risk of heart disease.

Question 40

Why is LDL considered bad cholesterol?

Answer 40

High LDL contributes to plaque buildup in arteries (atherosclerosis).

Question 41

High triglycerides increase the risk of what?

Answer 41

Coronary artery disease

Question 42

What are triglycerides?

Answer 42

The most common type of fat in the body

Question 43

What are normal cholesterol levels? for hdl, ldl, triglyceride, and total cholesterol

Answer 43

HDL: above 60 mg/dL LDL: about 100–129 mg/dL Triglycerides: below 150 mg/dL Total cholesterol: below 180 mg/dL

Question 44

What is primary hypertension?

Answer 44

High blood pressure with no identifiable cause

Question 45

What is secondary hypertension?

Answer 45

High blood pressure caused by another condition

Question 46

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer 46

A test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

Question 47

What conditions can an ECG help diagnose?

Answer 47

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) and cardiac arrhythmias.

Question 48

What is a Holter monitor?

Answer 48

A portable ECG device that continuously records heart activity for about 24 hours or longer.

Question 49

What is echocardiography?

Answer 49

An ultrasound test that uses sound waves to visualize the heart’s structure and movement

Question 50

What is echocardiography used to evaluate?

Answer 50

Heart structure, valve function, and heart pumping ability.

Question 51

What is a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)?

Answer 51

An echocardiogram performed with a probe inserted into the esophagus to obtain clearer images of the heart.

Question 52

What is a cardiac pacemaker?

Answer 52

A small implanted device that sends electrical impulses to regulate the heart’s rhythm.

Question 53

What is an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)?

Answer 53

An implanted device that monitors heart rhythm and delivers a shock to restore normal rhythm during dangerous arrhythmias.

Question 54

What is a Doppler study used to evaluate?

Answer 54

Blood flow through blood vessels and possible blockages (occlusions).

Question 55

What is intermittent claudication?

Answer 55

Cramping leg pain caused by reduced blood flow due to arterial obstruction.

Question 56

What is vascular ultrasound used to detect?

Answer 56

Blood clots (thrombi) and abnormal blood flow in vessels.

Question 57

What is a CT scan used for?

Answer 57

Detailed imaging of internal organs and blood vessels using X-rays.

Question 58

What is angioplasty?

Answer 58

A procedure that uses a balloon catheter to open a narrowed or blocked artery and restore blood flow.

Question 59

What is angiography used for?

Answer 59

Imaging blood vessels using contrast dye and X-rays to detect blockages or abnormalities

Question 60

What is cardiac catheterization?

Answer 60

A procedure where a catheter is inserted into the heart to evaluate coronary arteries, heart chambers, and blood flow.

Question 61

What is venography used to diagnose?

Answer 61

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) by imaging veins with contrast dye.

Question 62

What is sclerotherapy?

Answer 62

A treatment for varicose veins where a chemical solution is injected to close the vein.

Question 63

What is the purpose of anticoagulant medications in DVT?

Answer 63

To prevent further blood clot formation.

Question 64

What are compression stockings used for?

Answer 64

To improve circulation and reduce symptoms of varicose veins or venous disorders