What is the function of ADH (posterior pituitary hormone)?
Regulates fluid balance by helping the kidneys reabsorb water, prevents dehydration, and produces concentrated urine.
What’s diabetes insipidus?
a condition caused by too little antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or the kidneys not responding to it, leading to excessive urination and extreme thirst.
What is Cushing’s syndrome and a high-yield sign?
Cushing’s syndrome is caused by excess cortisol; a high-yield sign is central/truncal obesity or a rounded ‘moon’ face.
What are the common types of diabetes mellitus?
Type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Prediabetes is a high-risk state, not a true diabetes type.
What is prediabetes?
Prediabetes is a state of higher-than-normal blood glucose that increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
What is the main function of the thymus gland?
It stimulates T-cell production and is important for T-cell maturation
What happens if the body doesn’t produce enough ADH?
It can lead to diabetes insipidus, causing excessive urination, excessive thirst, and very dilute urine.
What is acromegaly and what causes it?
Excess growth hormone during adulthood causes enlargement of the hands, feet, jaw, and facial bones.
Which regions have part of the pancreas?
The RUQ and LUQ
What are the two major gland types?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete through ducts onto a surface or into a body cavity.
How do exocrine glands deliver their secretions, and are they part of the endocrine system?
Exocrine glands secrete through ducts onto a surface or into a body cavity and are not part of the endocrine system.
How do endocrine glands release their hormones?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
What is the main role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
It connects the nervous system to the endocrine system and controls the action of the pituitary gland
What hormone does the parathyroid gland release and what is their function?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels
What hormones does the thyroid gland release, and what do they do?
T3 and T4 help regulate metabolism. Calcitonin helps lower blood calcium levels.
What is pituitary dwarfism and what causes it?
Too little growth hormone during childhood, causing short stature with normal body proportions.
What is hypothyroidism and a high-yield sign?
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too little hormone; a high-yield sign is fatigue.
What is hyperthyroidism and a high-yield sign?
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too much hormone; a high-yield sign is weight loss
What is the function of the parathyroid glands?
The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood.
What is Addison’s disease and a high-yield sign?
Addison’s disease is caused by adrenal insufficiency which leads to low cortisol and aldosterone; a high-yield sign is hyperpigmentation.
What is diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin or when body cells are insulin resistant.
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes, also called juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs most often in children and young adults and develops abruptly
What is type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes, also called adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, develops slowly, often undetected for years, and is most common in adults over 60, especially African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans
What is gestational diabetes?
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to insulin resistance and increases the mother’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes within five to ten years.
