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Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange and maintenance of acid-base balance.

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2
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, and larynx.

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3
Q

What structures make up the lower respiratory system?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.

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4
Q

What are the main functions of the nasal cavity?

A

To filter, warm, and moisten inhaled air.

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5
Q

What structure protects the opening of the larynx during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis.

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6
Q

What structures in the larynx produce sound?

A

Vocal cords.

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7
Q

What keeps the trachea open?

A

C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

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8
Q

Into what two structures does the trachea bifurcate?

A

Right and left bronchi.

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9
Q

Bronchi branch into what smaller passageways?

A

Bronchioles.

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10
Q

Bronchioles terminate in what structures?

A

Alveoli.

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11
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

In the alveoli.

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12
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three.

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13
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two.

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14
Q

What is the pleural membrane?

A

A double-layered sac that covers the lungs.

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15
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.

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17
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Air moves from the lungs into the atmosphere.

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18
Q

What is the major muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm.

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19
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

It contracts, flattens, and moves downward.

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20
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do during inspiration?

A

They contract and expand the chest cavity.

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21
Q

What happens during expiration to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

A

They relax.

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22
Q

What is respiratory distress?

A

Inability to move enough air into the lungs to meet the body’s oxygen needs.

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23
Q

What is bronchoscopy?

A

Endoscopic examination of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

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24
Q

What imaging study is commonly used to help diagnose respiratory disorders?

A

Chest X-ray.

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25
What is another name for nocturnal polysomnography?
Sleep study.
26
What condition is diagnosed with nocturnal polysomnography?
Sleep apnea.
27
What does the Mantoux test screen for?
Tuberculosis (TB).
28
How is the PPD Mantoux test administered?
By intradermal injection.
29
A positive Mantoux test may indicate what?
Active TB, latent TB, or exposure to TB.
30
What is measured when reading a Mantoux test?
Induration in millimeters.
31
What confirms a definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis?
Chest X-ray and sputum culture.
32
What does spirometry measure?
Airflow from the lungs.
33
How should the patient be positioned for spirometry?
Sitting upright.
34
What is a sputum culture used to help detect?
Pneumonia, TB, and other lower respiratory tract infections.
35
What are pulmonary function tests (PFTs) used for?
To determine how well the lungs are functioning.
36
What instrument is used for pulmonary function tests?
Spirometer.
37
What does pulse oximetry measure?
Oxygen saturation and pulse rate.
38
Where is the pulse oximeter probe usually placed?
On the finger or earlobe.
39
What should be removed before pulse oximetry on a finger?
Fingernail polish.
40
What are the common upper respiratory tract infections in this lesson?
Common cold, sinusitis, and allergic rhinitis.
41
What causes the common cold?
A viral infection.
42
Is there a cure for the common cold?
No; treatment is supportive.
43
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation or infection of the paranasal sinuses.
44
What are common symptoms of sinusitis?
Pressure, nasal congestion or rhinorrhea, sinus headache, and sinus pain.
45
What is another name for allergic rhinitis?
Hay fever.
46
What causes allergic rhinitis?
Allergens.
47
What are common symptoms of allergic rhinitis?
Sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching, and rhinorrhea.
48
How is allergic rhinitis commonly managed?
Antihistamines.
49
What are the common lower respiratory tract infections in this lesson?
Pneumonia and tuberculosis.
50
What is pneumonia?
An infection or inflammatory condition of the lungs.
51
What are common symptoms of pneumonia?
Fever, chills, malaise, dyspnea, tachypnea, chest pain with inspiration, and cough.
52
What tests are commonly used to diagnose pneumonia?
Chest X-ray and sputum culture.
53
How is pneumonia commonly treated?
Antibiotics and supportive care such as fluids, antipyretics, and oxygen.
54
What organism causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
55
What is a classic symptom of tuberculosis?
Productive cough with blood-tinged sputum.
56
What is latent TB?
Inactive TB with no symptoms.
57
What symptoms may appear when TB becomes active?
Fever, weight loss, night sweats, and malaise.
58
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
59
What is emphysema?
A chronic, progressive, irreversible lung disease in which damaged air spaces cannot perform gas exchange normally.
60
What are major risk factors for emphysema?
Smoking, pollutants, and chronic respiratory disorders.
61
What are common signs and symptoms of emphysema?
Dyspnea, wheezing, cough, fatigue, and cyanosis.
62
What treatments were highlighted for emphysema?
Nebulizer treatment and oxygen therapy.
63
What is asthma?
A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways.
64
What can trigger asthma?
Environmental irritants, allergies, stress, exercise, and infection.
65
What are common symptoms of asthma?
Nonproductive cough, dyspnea, expiratory wheezing, and chest tightness.
66
How is asthma commonly treated?
Inhalers, bronchodilators, and steroids.
67
What is pneumoconiosis?
A chronic lung disease caused by inhaled environmental particles or fumes.
68
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
Repeated airway obstruction during sleep caused by relaxation of tissues in the posterior pharynx.
69
What are major risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea?
Obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, family history, alcohol use, and sedative use.
70
What are common symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea?
Daytime sleepiness, loud snoring, gasping or choking during sleep, dry mouth or sore throat on waking, and morning headache.
71
What is the most common cause of lung cancer?
Smoking.
72
What other risk factors can contribute to lung cancer?
Secondhand smoke, carcinogens such as radon or asbestos, and genetic predisposition.
73
What are early symptoms of lung cancer?
Chronic productive cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
74
How is lung cancer treated?
Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
75
Why might a patient need oxygen therapy?
To maintain healthy oxygen levels when oxygen delivery to tissues is impaired.
76
How do inhalers help respiratory patients?
They deliver medication directly into the respiratory system.
77
What is pulmonary rehabilitation?
Education and support for patients with chronic respiratory conditions.
78
What is a laryngectomy used to treat?
Laryngeal tumors.
79
What is a tracheostomy?
A surgically created opening into the trachea to allow breathing.
80
What may be needed after a pneumothorax needle aspiration?
Surgical repair of the chest wall.
81
What do antibiotics do?
Fight bacterial infections.
82
What do analgesics do?
Reduce pain.
83
What do corticosteroids do?
Reduce inflammation.
84
What do bronchodilators do?
Widen the bronchi.
85
What do antipyretics do?
Reduce fever.
86
What do diuretics do in respiratory care?
Reduce fluid in the lungs.
87
How should the patient be positioned for a nebulizer treatment?
Sitting upright.
88
What breathing technique should the patient use during a nebulizer treatment?
Slow, deep breaths through the mouth, holding each breath for 2 to 3 seconds.
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