Ch. 2

Question 1

Neurons

Answer 1

Cells that convey sensory information into the brain, carry out operations, and transmit commands to the body.

Question 2

Sensory Receptors

Answer 2

Specialized neurons that respond to specific kinds of energy

Question 3

Recording Electrode

Answer 3

Is inside the nerve fiber

Question 4

Reference Electrode

Answer 4

Is outside the fiber

Question 5

Meter

Answer 5

Records the difference in charge between the tops of two electrodes

Question 6

Polarization

Answer 6

A state in which there is difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the neuron.

Question 7

Voltage

Answer 7

Measure of the difference in electrical charge between two points

Question 8

Resting Potential

Answer 8

Difference in charge between inside & outside of membrane of a neuron at rest

Question 9

Action Potential

Answer 9

Abrupt depolarization of membrane that allows neurons to communicate.

Question 10

Propagated Response

Answer 10

Once the respond is triggered, it travels down the full length of the axon without changing in size.

Question 11

Refractory Period

Answer 11

Last 1 m/s

Question 12

Ions

Answer 12

Atoms that have lost of gained electrons

Question 13

Positive Ions

Answer 13

Na, K

Question 14

Negative Ions

Answer 14

Cl, A

Question 15

What Moves Ions

Answer 15

Force of Diffusion
Electrostatic Pressure
Sodium-Potassium Pump

Question 16

Force of Diffusion

Answer 16

Tendency of ions to move through membrane to less concentrated side.

Question 17

Electrostatic Pressure

Answer 17

Force where ions are repelled from similarly charged, attracted to oppositely charger

Question 18

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Answer 18

Large protein molecules that move sodium ions through cell membrane to outside, potassium ions back inside.

Question 19

Ion Channels

Answer 19

Gated pores in the membrane formed by proteins; limit the flow of ions into and out of the cell.

Question 20

Chemically Gated

Answer 20

Neurotransmitters or Hormones

Question 21

Electrically Gated

Answer 21

Change in electrical potential of the membrane.

Question 22

Synapse

Answer 22

The connection between two neurons

Question 23

Synaptic Cleft

Answer 23

The small gap which separates neurons so they are not in direct physical contact at the synapse.

Question 24

Excitatory Transmitters

Answer 24

Cause Depolarization
Neuron becomes more positive
Increase chance of AP

Question 25

Inhibitory Transmitters

Answer 25

Cause Hyperpolarization Neuron becomes more negative Decreases chance of AP

Question 26

Specificity Coding

Answer 26

A specialized neuron that responds only to one concept or stimlus.

Question 27

Sparse Coding

Answer 27

When a particular stimulus is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons.

Question 28

Population Coding

Answer 28

Our experiences are represented by the pattern of firing across large number of neurons.

Question 29

Modularity

Answer 29

The idea that specific brain areas are specialized to respond to specific types of stimuli or functions.

Question 30

Module

Answer 30

A specific area of the brain.

Question 31

Distributed Representation

Answer 31

Idea that the brain represents information in patterns distributed across the cortex, not just one brain area.

Question 32

EEG

Answer 32

Measures electrical activity; Good time resolution.

Question 33

CT/CAT

Answer 33

Builds a picture of the brain based on the different absorption of X-ray.

Question 34

MRI

Answer 34

Detects changes in blood oxygenation.

Question 35

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Answer 35

Builds a picture of water movement in the brain; high spatial resolution and directionality.

Question 36

Structural Connectivity

Answer 36

Road map of fibers connecting different areas of the brain.

Question 37

Functional Connectivity

Answer 37

Neural activity associated with particular function that is flowing through this structural network.