Ch. 5

Question 1

Inverse Projection Problem

Answer 1

Image on the retina can be caused by an infinite number of objects
Multiple objects create the same image on the retina

Question 2

Viewpoint Invariance

Answer 2

The ability to recognize an object regardless of the viewpoint

Question 3

Grouping

Answer 3

Elements in a visual scene are “put together” into coherent units or objects

Question 4

Segregation

Answer 4

Separating one area or object from another

Question 5

Gestalt Approach

Answer 5

Goal was to explain illusions
Perception is not built from sensations but is a result of perceptual organization

Question 6

Principle of Organization in Gestalt

Answer 6

Similarity, Proximity Closure, Continuity

Question 7

Proximity

Answer 7

Things that are near to each other are grouped together

Question 8

Common Fate

Answer 8

Things moving in the same direction are grouped together

Question 9

Common Region

Answer 9

Elements in the same region tend to be grouped together

Question 10

Uniform Connectedness

Answer 10

Connected region of visual properties are perceived as single unit.

Question 11

Figure-Ground Relationship

Answer 11

Organize scene to a central figure (focus) and a background.

Question 12

A Scene

Answer 12

Objects organized in meaningful ways with each other and the background

Question 13

Scene Schema

Answer 13

Knowledge of what a given typically contains

Question 14

Helmholtz Theory of Unconscious Inference

Answer 14

Intended to explain why stimuli can be interpreted in more than one way

Question 15

Retinal Ambiguity

Answer 15

Pattern of stimulation on the retina can be caused by any different possible objects in the environment

Question 16

Likelihood Principle

Answer 16

Objects are perceived based on what is most likely to have caused the pattern

Question 17

Unconscious Inference

Answer 17

Our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumption, or inferences, that we make about the environment.

Question 18

Bayesian Inference

Answer 18

A method of updating the probability of a hypothesis (a belief or model) as more evidence or information becomes available.

Question 19

Predictive Coding

Answer 19

Our brain uses our past experiences to predict what we will perceive.

Question 20

Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC)

Answer 20

Part of the ventral pathway
Active when a person views any kind of object.

Question 21

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

Answer 21

Activates for faces
Does no activate when faces are not upright.

Question 22

Other FFA Theories

Answer 22

Studies show that FFA might actually be for things were expert in, not just faces (Greebles)

Question 23

Amygdala

Answer 23

Activated by emotional aspects of faces

Question 24

Superior Temporal Sulcus

Answer 24

Responds to where the person is looking and to mouth movements

Question 25

Frontal Cortex

Answer 25

Activated when evaluating facial attractiveness

Question 26

Extrastriate Body Area

Answer 26

Activates for bodies and parts of bodies

Question 27

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

Answer 27

In temporal lobe. Responds to places, not objects or faces.

Question 28

Spatial Layout Hypothesis

Answer 28

PPA responds to the surface geometry or geometric layout of a scene

Question 29

Binocular Rivalry

Answer 29

Observer perceives either left-eye image or the right eye image, but not both at the same time. (One eye is dominat)

Question 30

Neural Mind Reading/ Multivoxel Pattern Analysis

Answer 30

Using a neural response to determine what someone is thinking or perceiving