social comparison
judgement of one’s own appearance, abilities and behaviour in relation to others
self-compassion
Personal quality marked by a caring, nonjudgementa attitude toward oneself during times of struggle or failure
associated with authoritative child-rearing, inflated praise reduces self-esteem rather than raises it
mastery-oriented attributions
Attributions that credit success to ability, which can be improved by trying hard, and failure to insufficient effort
Growth mindset about ability
conviction that performance can improve through effort and effective strategies
learned helplessness
attribution of success to external factors such as luck, and failure to low ability, which cannot be improved through effort
fixed mindset about ability
Conviction that performance is set in stone nd cannot be improved by trying hard
Process praise
Praise from an adult that emphasizes the child’s behaviour and effort such as “you worked really hard” or “you figured it out”
Fosters a growth mindset and mastery
person praise
Praise from an adult that emphasizes the child’s traits such as “you’re so smart” or “you’re very artistic”
linked to a fixed mindset and learned helplessness
Attribution retraining
An intervention that encourages learned-helpless children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more effort and useing more effective strategies
problem-centered coping
A strategy for managing emotion in which the individual appraises the situation as changeable, identifies the difficulty and decides what to do about it
emotion-centered coping
A strategy for managing emotion that is internal, private and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome
peer groups
Collectives of peers who generate unique values and standards for behaviour and a social structure of leaders and followers
Peer acceptance
Likability, or the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates as a worthy social partner
popular children
Children who receive many positive votes on self-reportmeasures of social preferences indicating they are well-liked
rejected children
children who receive many negative votes on self-report measures of social preferences, indicating they are disliked
controversial children
Children who receive many votes, both positive and negative on self-report measures of social preferences, indicating that they are both liked and disliked
neglected children
Children who are seldom mentioned, either positively or negatively on self-report measures of social preferences
popular-prosocial children
A subtype of popular children who are both socially accepted and admired and who combine academic and social competence
popular-antisocial children
subtype of popular children who are admired for their socially adept yet belligerent behaviour. Includes tough boys who are athletially skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority and relationally aggressive boys and girls
Rejected-aggressive children
subtype of rejected children who show high rates of conflict, physical and relational aggression and hyperactive inattentive and impulsive behaviour
Re
Rejected withdrawn children
subtype of rejected children who are passive, socially awkward and overwhelmed by social anxiety
peer victimization
destructive form of peer interaction which particular children become targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse
gender-stereotype flexibility
Belief that both males and females can display a gender-stereotyped personality trait or activity
