Week 2

Question 1

Genes

Answer 1

DNA segments that code for proteins

Question 2

How many pairs of chromosomes in each cell?

Answer 2

23 pairs

Question 3

Gametes

Answer 3

Sex cells (sperm and ovum), 23 chromosomes in each one

Question 4

Through what process are gametes formed?

Answer 4

meiosis

Question 5

How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

Answer 5

46 (23 from each parent)

Question 6

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

Answer 6

two separate ova

Question 7

Identical (monozygotic) twins

Answer 7

one zygote splits

Question 8

alleles

Answer 8

versions of a gene from each parent

Question 9

Carriers

Answer 9

heterozygous individuals

Question 10

Dominant allele

Answer 10

masks a recessive allele, only need one copy for that phenotype to be expressed

Question 11

Recessive allele

Answer 11

masked by a dominant allele, need two copies for that phenotype to be expressed

Question 12

Mutations

Answer 12

• sudden, permanent DNA changes
• can be spontaneous or environmentally induced
• germline vs. somatic
• not all are harmful

Question 13

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 13

• Traits influenced by many genes
• height, personality, intelligence

Question 14

Chromosomal abnormalities

Answer 14

• often caused by errors in meiosis
• can result in intellectual and physical disabilities
• large DNA changes, often larger than a single gene

Question 15

Down Syndrome

Answer 15

• most common chromosome abnormality
• trisomy 21, extra copy of 21st chromosome
• translocation and mosaic patterns
• intellectual and physical disabilities

Question 16

Sex chromosome abnormalities

Answer 16

• not recognized until adolescence
• extra or missing chromosomes
• verbal/spatial difficulties, puberty delay
• brain structure differences -> cognitive differences

Question 17

Genetic testing

Answer 17

• risk assessment of inherited disorders
• pedigree charts and genetic testing

Question 18

What are the risks of IVF?

Answer 18

• success declines with age
• low birth weight
• birth defects
• complications

Question 19

What are the ethical concerns in reproductive technology?

Answer 19

• genetic background unknown
• sex selection raises ethical issues
• children are well-adjusted if parents are open about origins

Question 20

T/F age at adoption impacts adjustment

Answer 20

True

Question 21

T/F most adopted children do not adjust well

Answer 21

F - most adopted children do well with supportive parenting

Question 22

What is the primary and most influential microsystem?

Answer 22

The family

Question 23

Direct vs Indirect family influences

Answer 23

• Direct: positive communication with child fosters cooperation and negative parenting leads to resistance and misbheaviour
• Indirect: marital quality affects co-parenting and child adjustment

Question 24

How does the chronosystme affect the family

Answer 24

Family dynamics evolve over time

Question 25

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Answer 25

* education * job prestige/skill * income * influences timing of parenthood, family size, child-rearing values

Question 26

What is a higher socioeconomic status associated with?

Answer 26

* more verbal stimulation * warmth * academic focus

Question 27

What is a lower socioeconomic status associated with?

Answer 27

* emphasizes obedience * more physical discipline

Question 28

How does the neighbourhood impact child outcomes?

Answer 28

* strong family-neighbourhood ties improve outcomes * resources and social ties promote development * low-income families benefit the most from neighbourhood supports

Question 29

How do cultural values and practices influence child development?

Answer 29

cultural values influence how societies view parenting responsibilities

Question 30

How do cultural values in US culture impact child development?

Answer 30

Emphasis on independence and family privacy limit support for parenting (child care and family leave)

Question 31

How does Hispanic culture and values impact child development

Answer 31

* emphasis on collectivism and familism * associated with improves social and emotional outcomes in children

Question 32

Familism

Answer 32

* prioritizes family needs over individual ones and promotes respect for elders, emotional closeness and mutual support * Children raised with these values tend to demonstrate strong emotional regulation, social competence, academic success and a sense of responsibility

Question 33

Collectivism vs. Individualism

Answer 33

* Collectivist cultures stress group goals and interdependence * Individualist cultures prioritize independence and personal achievement * integration of both values benefits child development - social support from collectivism and self-direction from individualism

Question 34

Despite being a wealthy nation, the US lags in child welfare indicators such as:

Answer 34

* child poverty * healthcare * educational support Cultural values of independence and limited government intervention hinder the development of strong child-focused policies

Question 35

Heritability

Answer 35

estimates the contribution of genetics to individual differences in traits such as intelligence or personality

Question 36

Gene-environment correlation

Answer 36

* genes influence the types of environments individuals experience * **passive:** parents provide environments consistent with their own heredity * **evocative:** children's traits elicit specific responses from the environment * **active:** children seek environments that fit their genetic tendencies