Week 7

Question 1

What delays and accelerates the loss of primary teeth?

Answer 1

• malnutrition -> delays
• obesity -> accelerates

Question 2

T/F cultural ancestry affects average age of loss of primary teeth

Answer 2

True:
North America - 6.5 yrs
Ghana: 5 yrs.
Hong Kong: 6yrs.

Question 3

When is the highest risk of dental health abnormalities?

Answer 3

infancy and early childhood when immune system is still developing

Question 4

How much does the brain grow (in terms of percentage of adult weight) between 2-6?

Answer 4

70% -> 90% of adult weight
Cerebral cortex undergoes major reshaping and refinement

Question 5

When does brain energy use decline to near-adult levels?

Answer 5

age 8-10

Question 6

What is the left hemisphere of the brain for?

Answer 6

language and logical tasks

Question 7

What is the right hemisphere of the brain for?

Answer 7

spatial and visual processing

Question 8

How is growth in the prefrontal cortex measured?

Answer 8

brain imaging (EEG, NIRS, fMRI)

Question 9

When is the left hemisphere of the brain highly active and what is it linked to?

Answer 9

age 3-6
linked to rapid language development

Question 10

When is the growth spurt for the right hemisphere and what skills does it support?

Answer 10

• increases gradually with spurt between 8-10 y/o
• supports spatial skills

Question 11

NIH brain study

Answer 11

• focused on frontal lobes/prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, hippocampus
• children in poverty had 8-10% less gray matter vol.
• vocab., reasoning, concept formation, reading and math affected

Question 12

Pituitary Gland

Answer 12

• located at base of brain
• releases growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 13

Growth Hormone

Answer 13

• required from birth for development of almost all body tissues
• stimulates liver and epiphyses to release IGF-1 which triggers cell duplication in skeleton, muscles, nerves, liver, kidneys, skin, lungs, bone marrow

Question 14

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 14

• stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid gland

Question 15

Thyroxine

Answer 15

• brain development
• enables GH to fully affect body size

Question 16

Thyroxine deficiency

Answer 16

• intellectual disability
• with prompt treatment -> normal brain and physical growth
• after rapid brain growth ends -> deficiency affects body growth only, not cognition

Question 17

When is growth hormone released?

Answer 17

• during sleep -> rest is essential for body growth

Question 18

T/F cutting naps for more learning time can be counterproductive

Answer 18

True: napping at preschool enhances memory consolidation

Question 19

What is the difference between sleep habit promotion in European-American culture vs. African-American culture?

Answer 19

• European-American -> value scheduled bedtimes and may view bedtime prostests as immaturity
• African-American -> report later bedtimes and more daytime napping

Question 20

Sleepwalking

Answer 20

affects 4% -> harmless if guided back to bed

Question 21

Nightmares

Answer 21

common in 3-6y/os due to vivid imagination

Question 22

Night Terrors

Answer 22

• Affects 3% of children
• intense panic, screaming and physiological arousal
• genetic or triggered by stress/fatigue

Question 23

When does picky eating usually occur? Why?

Answer 23

• age 2
• appetite declines because growth slows
• cautiousness toward new foods is adaptive -> protexts against ingesting harmful substances

Question 24

What results from coercion or pressure to eat?

Answer 24

Negative outcomes
* restricting foods increases focus and desire for those foods
* overcontrol interferes with hunger cues -> over or undereating

Question 25

What does pressuring to eat and eating restrictions result in?

Answer 25

pressure to eat -> undereating restricting eating -> more overweight/obese children

Question 26

What is the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations?

Answer 26

unintentional injuries * motor vehicle accidents * suffocation, drowning, poisoning

Question 27

What ecological influences impacts the injuries that children often endure?

Answer 27

* gender: boys twice as likely to be injured, mothers believe they can less effectively prevent son's injuries * temperament: inattentive, overactive, irritable, defiant or aggressive children less likely to follow safety rules * poverty * singe parenthood * low parental education

Question 28

Which way does center of gravity shift as body proportions become more streamlined?

Answer 28

Downward toward the trunk

Question 29

By what age does movement become smooth and rhythmic?

Answer 29

Age 2: running, jumping, hopping, galloping, skipping

Question 30

By what age do children coordinate upper and lower body movements, adding speed, force and endurance?

Answer 30

5-6

Question 31

Gross Motor Milestones by age

Answer 31

2-3 -> runs, jumps, hops with stiff upper body 3-4 -> walks up stairs alternating feet, pedals tricycle, throws/catches trapping ball to chest 4-5 -> runs smoothly, skips, gallops, throws with body rotation, catches with hands 5-6 -> runs faster, coordinated skipping, mature throwing/catching, rides bicycle

Question 32

When does a major leap in fine-motor skills occur?

Answer 32

Preschool years * improved hand and finger control

Question 33

Does Systematic skill-building foster or hinder creativity?

Answer 33

Fosters it: in longitudnal study -> parents who prioritized art lessons and skill practice had children with more advanced and creative drawings

Question 34

At what age does writing show features of true print?

Answer 34

4 -> separate symbols arranged in a line -> early awareness that print conveys meaning

Question 35

When does writing become less pictoral and more symbolic (sound based)?

Answer 35

Age 4-6: * name alphabet letters * match letters to sounds * recognize that writing represents spoken language

Question 36

Sex differences in motor development

Answer 36

Boys -> excel in force and power activities, advantage due to muscle mass and longer forearms Girls -> excel in fine-motor skills and balance based gross motor activites, benefit from greater physical maturity

Question 37

What is better for skill development before school age: sports/gymnastics classes or everyday play?

Answer 37

Everyday play; classes can foster exercise, socialization and enjoyment but have limited impact on gross-motor mastery before school age