When does the social smile emerge?
Between 6 and 10 weeks
When does laughter emerge?
3-4 months
Social Referencing
- appears at 8-10 months as infant’s ability to detect the meaning of the emotional expression improves
- by middle of second year, toddlers realize that others’ emotional reactions may differ from their own
Self-Conscious Emotions
- guilt, shame, embarassment, envy, pride
- during toddlerhood, self-awareness and adult instruction provide the foundation for these emotions
Emotional Self-Regulation
- emerges as the prefrontal cortex functions more effectively
- in second year, growth in representation and language leads to more effective ways of regulating emotion
Easy Child
A child whose temperament is characterized by establishment of regular routines in infancy, general cheerfulness and easy adaptation to new experiences
Difficult Child
A child whose temperament is characterized by irregular daily routines, slow acceptance of new experiences, and a tendency to react negatively and intensely
Slow-to-warm-up Child
A child whose temperament is characterized by inactivity, mild, low-key reavtions to environmental stimuli, negative mood and slow adjustment to new experiences
Effortful Control
Self-regulatory dimension of temperament, involving voluntary suppression of a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response
Inhibited/shy child
A child whose temperament is such that he or she reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli
Uninhibited/Social Child
A child whose temperament is such that they display positive emotion to and approaches novel stimuli
Describe Temperament’s stability
- low-to-moderate
- develops with age and can be modified by experience
- long-term prediction from early childhood is best achieved after age 3
Goodness-of-fit model
A model that describes how favourable adjustment depends on an effective match, or good fit, between a child’s temperament and child-rearing environment
Ethological Theory of Attachment
Bowlby’s theory, the most widely accepted view of attachment, which recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival
Separation Anxiety
- around 6 to 8 months
- infant’s distressed reaction to the departure of their trusted caregiver
- paired with use of the caregiver as a secure base indicate a true attachment bond
Internal Working Model
A set of expectations, derived from early caregiving experiences about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress and the self’s interaction with those figures -> serves as guide for all future close relationships
Strange Situation Technique
- used to assess quality of attachment btwn. 1 and 2
- observes baby’s responses to eight short episodes involving brief separations from and reunions with the caregiver in an unfamiliar playroom
Secure Attachment
Infants who use the parent as a secure base from which to explore and may be distressed by parental separation but actively seek contact and are easily comforted by the parent when they return
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
Infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed by parental separation and avoid or are slow to greet the parent when she returns
Insecure-Resistant Attachment
Infants who seek closeness to the parent before their departure, are usually dstressed when she leaves, and combine clinginess with angry, restrictive behaviour with an anxious focus of the parent when they return
Disorganized Attachment
Attachment pattern reflecting the greatest insecurity, characterizing infants who show confused, contradictory behaviors when reunited with the parent after a separation
Attachment Q-Sort
A method of assessing security, suitable for children between 1 and 5 years of age, that yields a score ranging from high to low derived from home observations of a variety of attachment-related behaviors
Sensitive Caregiving
Caregiving that involves responding promptly, consistently and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully
Scale Errors
Toddler’s attempts to do things that their body size makes impossible, such as trying to put on doll’s’ clothes, sit in a doll-sized chair or walk through a door too narrow
