Psych 1160 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 criteria for what a mental disorder is?

A
  1. Statistical Rarity
  2. Subjective Distress
  3. Impairment
  4. Biological Dysfunction
  5. Sometimes Family Resemblance View
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2
Q

Statistical Rarity

A

Many mental disorders are uncommon in the population

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3
Q

Subjective Distress

A

Produce emotional pain for individuals afflicted with them. But not all psychological disorders generate stress

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4
Q

Impairment

A

Interfere with people’s ability to function in everyday life

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5
Q

Biological Dysfunction

A

Appear to be acquired largely through learning experiences and often require only a weak genetic predispositions to trigger them

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6
Q

Family Resemblance View

A

Mental disorders don’t all have one thing in common

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7
Q

Demonic Model

A

Attributed hearing voices, talking to oneself, and other odd behaviours to the actions of evil spirits infesting the body

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8
Q

Medical Model

A

Over time, more people came to perceive mental illness primarily as a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

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9
Q

Asylums

A

Institutions for those with mental illness. Many were massively overcrowded and understaffed

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10
Q

Moral Treatment

A

Those with mental illness be treated with dignity, kindness, and respect

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11
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

Releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hopsitals

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12
Q

Koro

A

Victims are typically male who believe that their penis and testicles are disappearing and receding into their abdomen (female victims believe that their breasts are disappearing) spread by social contagion

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13
Q

Amok

A

Episodes of intense sadness and brooding followed by uncontrolled behaviour and unprovoked attacks on people or animals

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14
Q

What are the 2 crucial functions psychiatric diagnoses serve

A
  1. They help pinpoint the psychological problem a person is experiencing
  2. They make it easier for mental health professionals to communicate
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15
Q

What are the 4 major misconceptions regarding psychiatric diagnosis?

A
  1. Psychiatric diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing - that is, sorting people into different boxes
  2. Psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable
  3. Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid
  4. Psychiatric diagnoses stigmitize people
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16
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

The extent to which different raters agree on a patient’s diagnoses

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17
Q

Labelling Theorists

A

Argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours

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18
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

The official system for classifying individuals with mental disorders which originated in 1952 and is now in its fifth edition

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19
Q

DSM-5

A

Provides a list of diagnostic criteria for each condition, and a set of decision rules for deciding how many of these criteria need to be met

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20
Q

Think Organic

A

The first rule out medical causes of a disorder, when diagnosing psychological conditions

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21
Q

Prevalence

A

To percentage of people in the population with a disorder

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22
Q

Abiophyscosocial Approach

A

Acknowledges the interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences

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23
Q

Comorbidity

A

Individuals with one diagnosis frequently have one or more additional diagnoses

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24
Q

Categorical Model of Psychopathology

A

A mental disorder is either present or absent - no in between

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25
Dimensional Model
They differ from normal functioning in degree, not kind
26
Mental Disorder Defence
Premised on the idea that we shouldn't hold people legally responsible for their crimes if they weren't of sound mind when they committed them
27
To be declared unfit to stand trial due to mental disorder, an individual must:
1. Have not known what they were doing at the time of the crime 2. Have not known what they were doing was wrong
28
Involuntary Commitment
A procedure for protecting us from certain people with mental disorders and protecting them from themselves
29
Jurisdictions in both Canada and the US specify that individuals with mental illness can be committed against their will if:
1. They pose a clear threat to themselves or others 2. Are so psychologically impaired that they can't care for themselves
30
Minnesota Multiple Personality and Inventory (MMPI)
The most extensively researched of all structures personality tests. Used to detect symptoms of mental disorders
31
Empirical (or Data) Method of Test Construction
Researchers begin with 2 or more criterion groups, such as groups of people with a specific psychological disorder and a group of people with no psychological disorder, and examine which items best distinguish them
32
Face Validity
Refers to the extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
33
Response Sets
Tendencies to distort responses to items
34
Impression Management
Making ourselves look better than we really are
35
Malingering
Making ourselves appear psychologically disturbed
36
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Anxieties about physical symptoms that are either medically verified or purely psychological in origin can become so intense and over the top that they interfere with daily living
37
Illness Anxiety Disorder
People become so preoccupied with the idea that they're suffering from a serious undiagnosed illness that no amount of reassurance can relieve their anxiety
38
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Worry is a way of life. People with GAD spend an average of 60% of each day worrying, compared with 18% like the rest of the population
39
Panic Attacks
Occur when nervous feelings gather momentum and escalate into intense bouts of fear, even terror
40
Panic Disorder
When they experience panic attacks that are repeated and unexpected, and when they either experience persistent concerns about panicking or change their behaviour
41
Phobia
An intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
42
Agoraphobia
Refers to the fear of being in a place or situation in which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of panic attack
43
Specific phobias
Phobias of objects, places, or situations
44
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
They experience a marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation seems likely, such as speaking or performing in public or more rarely, swimming, swallowing, or swinging cheques in public
45
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Occurs when people experience or witness a traumatic event, such as frontline combat
46
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
People who suffer from obsessions and compulsions
47
Obsessions
Persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress
48
Compulsions
Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that they undertake to reduce or prevent distress or relieve shame and guilt
49
What 2 ways can fears be acquired?
1. By observing others engage in fearful behaviours (ex. parent screaming bc of a dog) 2. Fears can stem from information and misinformation from othes
50
Catastrophizing
A core feature of anxious thinking
51
Anxiety Sensitivity
A fear of anxiety related sensations
52
Mood Disorder
The clients difficulties center on their bleak mood, which colours all aspects of their existence
53
Major Depressive Episode
The simplest activities, like dressing or driving to work have become enormous acts of will
54
Bipolar Disorder
People's mood is often the mirror image of depression
55
Behavioural Model
Proposes that depression results from a low rate of response-contingent positive reinforcement
56
Cognitive Model of Depression
Holds that depression is cause by negative beliefs and expectations
57
Cognitive Triad
Three components of depressing thinking: negative views of oneself, the world, and the future
58
Cognitive Distortions
Skewed ways of thinking
59
Depressive Realism
Compared with people without depression, people with mild depression actually have a more accurate view of circumstances
60
Illusory Control
Experienced by people who aren't depressed over their environments
61
Learned Helplessness
The tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control and argued that it offers an animal model of depression
62
Manic Episodes
These episodes are typically marked by dramatically elevated mood (feeling "on top of the world") decreased need for sleep, greatly heightened energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness and irresponsible behaviour
63
Bipolar Disorders
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder, is diagnosed when there's a history of at least one manic episodes
64
Boderline Personality Disorder
A condition marked by instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
65
Psychopathic Personality
Marked by a distinctive set of personality traits: Guiltless, dishonest, manipulative, callous, and self-centered
66
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Marked by a lengthy history of illegal and irresponsible actions
67
Dissociative Disorder
Involved disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
68
Depersonalization
Feeling detached from yourself, as though you're living in a movie or a dream or observing your body from the perspective of an outsider
69
Derealization
The sense that the external world us strange or unreal often accompanies both depersonalization and panic attacks
70
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Only if people experience multiple episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both do they qualify for a diagnosis
71
Dissociative Amnesia
People can't recall important personal information - most often following a stressful experience - that isn't due to ordinary forgetting. Their memory loss is extensive and can include suicide attempts of violent outbursts
72
Dissociative Fugue
A type of dissociative amnesia people not only forget significant events in their lives but also flee their stressful circumstances
73
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that markedly disrupt the person's usual sense of identity and may be observed by others or reported by the individual
74
Schizophrenia
The cancer or mental illness: It is perhaps the most severe of all disorders and the most mysterious. It is a devastating disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
75
Dementia Praecox
Psychological deterioration in youth
76
DSM-5 states that to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, the individual must exhibit at least one of the following:
1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized Speech
77
Delusions
Strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality
78
Psychotic Symptoms
Delusions are sometimes classed psychotic symptoms because they represent a serious distortion of reality
79
Hallucinations
Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus. They can be auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, or visual
80
Command Hallucinations
Tell patients what to do
81
Catatonic Syndrome
Involve motor problems, such as extreme resistance to complying with even simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
82
Echolalia
Repeating a phrase in conversation in a parrot like manner
83
Expressed Emotions
Criticism, hostility, and over involvement (can cause relapse)
84
What are the 3 Causes of Schizophrenia?
1. Brain Anomalies 2. Neurotransmitter Differences 3. Genetic Influence
85
Ventricles
Which cushion and nourish the brain, are typically enlarged in individuals with schizophrenia
86
Hyporfrontality
Functional brain imaging studies how that the frontal lobes of people with schizophrenia are less active than those of nonpatients when engaged in demanding mental tasks
87
Dopamine Hypothesis
Most anti-schizophrenic drugs block dopamine receptor sites
88
Diathesis-stress Model
Incorporate much of what we know about schizophrenia. They propose that schizophrenia, along with many other mental disorders, is a joint product of genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
89
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A category of DSM-5 that includes autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder, a less severe form of autism
90
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Behave like caricatures of the exuberant child
Psych 1160
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