Psych 1160 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Sir Francis Galton hypothesis on Intelligence and example

A

Intelligence is the byproduct of sensory capacity (ex. people with better eyesight should acquire more knowledge than other people)

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2
Q

Why did Binet and Simon create the Intelligence Test?

A

To find a way to identify children in need of special education assistance

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3
Q

Intelligence Test

A

A diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability

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4
Q

What did the Intelligence Test involve? Provide an example

A

Naming objects, generating the meaning of words, drawing pictures from memory, and completing incomplete sentences (ex. in what way are a dog and rose alike?)

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5
Q

Abstract Thinking

A

The capacity to understand hypothetical concepts, rather than concepts in the here and now

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6
Q

What does Intelligence consist of? (LARB)

A
  1. Learning to adapt quickly 2. Acquire knowledge 3. Reason abstractly 4. Benefit from experience
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7
Q

General Intelligence

A

A term created by Charles Spearman that accounts for the overall differences in intellect among people

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8
Q

Specific Abilities

A

How well we perform on a given mental task depends not only on our general smarts, but also on our particular skills in narrow domains

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9
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Refers to the capacity to learn new ways of solving problems (ex. solving a problem we’ve never seen)

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10
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we acquire over time

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11
Q

Multiple Intelligences

A

Entirely different domains of intellectual skill

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12
Q

Linguistic (Characteristics and Occupation)

A

Speaks and writes well (translator, editor)

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13
Q

Logico-mathematical

A

Use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems, such as scientific questions (Scientist, engineer)

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14
Q

Spatial

A

Think and reason about objects in three-dimensional space (Architect, artist)

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15
Q

Musical

A

Perform, understand, and enjoy music (Musician, teacher)

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16
Q

Bodily-kinesthetic

A

Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavours (Athlete, coach, physiotherapy

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17
Q

Interpersonal

A

Understand and interact effectively with others (Salesperson, teacher, counsellor)

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18
Q

Intrapersonal

A

Understand and possess insight into self (philosopher, prophet)

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19
Q

Naturalistic

A

Recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things (naturalist, biologist, veterinarian)

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20
Q

Triarchic Model and the three categories

A

Posits the existence of three largely distinct intelligences (Analytical, Practical, and Creative)

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21
Q

Analytical Intelligence

A

The ability to reason logically

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22
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

The ability to solve real world problems, especially those involving other people

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23
Q

Creative Intelligence

A

Our ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions

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24
Q

Is brain size correlated?

A

It is correlated with intelligence across species, but not within species

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25
Reaction Time
Speed of responding to stimuli
26
Double Curse of Incompetence
Evidence suggests that people with poor cognitive skills are especially likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities
27
Metacognitive Skills
Knowledge of our own knowledge
28
Stanford-Binet IQ Test
Consists of a wide variety of tasks like those Binet and Simon used, such as tests of vocabulary, memory for pictures, naming of familiar objects, repeating sentences, and following commands
29
Norms
Baseline scores in the general population from which we can compare each individuals score
30
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Divide mental age by chronological age and multiply the resulting number by 100
31
Mental Age
Age corresponding to the average person's performance on an intelligence test
32
Deviation IQ
When computing IQ for adults, using statistical measure of variability, the deviation IQ expresses each person's IQ relative to the norms for that person's age group
33
Eugenics (good genes)
The effort to improve a population's "genetic stock" by encouraging people with "good genes" to reproduce (positive eugenics) and discouraging people with "bad genes" from reproducing (negative eugenics), or both
34
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Consists of "subtests" or specific tasks, designed to assess mental abilities such as vocabulary, arithmetic, spatial ability, reasoning about provers, and general knowledge about the world
35
Culture-fair IQ Tests
Tests that consist of abstract reasoning items that don't depend on language
36
Restriction of Range
Where correlations tend to go down when we limit the range of scores on one or both variables (ex. being tall in the NBA)
37
Reliability
Consistency of measurement
38
Test-Retest Reliability
Refers to the extent to which scores on a measure administered several times are roughly identical
39
Validity
Refers to the extent to which a test measures what it purports to measure
40
Mental Energy
The ability to focus on difficult problems for long periods of time
41
Health Literacy
The ability to understand health-related information, such as instructions from doctors or on drug labels
42
Threshold Effect
Implies that above a certain level of IQ, intelligence is no longer predictive of important real-world accomplishments
43
Bell Curve
Within a population, IQ scores are distributed in a bell curve across the range of possible IQ scores. The bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the "tails" or extremes, forming the shape of the bell
44
Assortative Meaning
The tendency of individuals with similar genes to have children
45
Intellectual Disability
Defined by three criteria all of which must be present a) onset prior to adulthood b) IQ below approximately 70 c) inadequate adaptive functioning, as assessed by difficulties with dressing and feeding oneself, communicating with others, and other basic life skills
46
Family Studies
Allow us to examine the extent to which a trait "runs" or goes together in intact families
47
Flynn Effect
Over time, the average IQ of the population was rising at a rate of about three points per decade
48
Ethnicity
Represents one's alignment with a group based on cultural factors like nationality, religion, language
49
Heritability
The quality of characteristics being transmissible from parent to offspring
50
Within-group Heritability
The extent to which a trait, like IQ, is heritable within groups, such as Canadians of Asian heritage or left-handed people
51
Between-group heritability
The extent to which the difference in this trait between groups, such as a between left- and right-handed people is heritable
52
Test Bias
A test predicts outcomes - such as grades or occupational success - better in one group than in another
53
Stereotype Threat
The fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype, such as stereotype of our group as less intelligent or less athletic than others
54
Divergent Thinking
The capacity to generate many different solutions to problems
55
Convergent Thinking
The capacity to find the single best answer to a problem
56
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to understand our emotions and those of others, and to apply this information to our every day lives
57
Curiosity
Potent predictor of academic achievement, and that it adds considerably to the prediction of such achievement above and beyond IQ
58
What does grit consist of?
1. Perseverance (the willingness to persist in efforts despite frustrations and failures and 2. a deep seated passion to achieve one's goal
59
Wisdom
The application of intelligence towards a common good
60
Ideological Immune System
Our defences against evidence that contradicts our views
Psych 1160
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