Chapter 2 part 3

Question 1

Define learned helplessness

Answer 1

i. When placed in environment where there are bad events that are beyond our control, we give up attempting to cope

Question 2

Define learned optimism

Answer 2

1. People faced with stress who remain optimistic will function much better, will live longer

Question 3

Define observational learning

Answer 3

1. Can learn effectively by observing what happens to someone else in a given situation
2. Therefore, much of what we learn depends on our interactions with people around us
3. Works with regards to aggressive behaviours of children

Question 4

Define prepared learning

Answer 4

i. We become highly prepared for learning about certain types of things thru EvOluTioN

Question 5

Define unconscious vision

Answer 5

1. We are able to encode info and act on it without even being consciously aware of doing so

Question 6

Define implicit memory/ cognition

Answer 6

1. Occurs when someone clearly acts in way based on experience in the past, but cannot remember associated events

Question 7

What can cognitive behavioural therapy be good for?

Answer 7

i. Can help treat learned helplessness and depression

Question 8

Define rational-emotive therapy

Answer 8

a. Focuses on irrational beliefs

Question 9

Define self-instructional training

Answer 9

a. Modify what people say to themselves as consequence of behaviour

Question 10

what is the goal of cognitive-behavioural therapy?

Answer 10

4. Goal is to uncover toxic automatic thoughts and restructure attitudes and attributes: called cogntive restructuring

Question 11

Define fear

Answer 11

Subjective feeling of terror

Question 12

Define mood

Answer 12

More persistent affect of emotionality

Question 13

Define affect

Answer 13

Momentary emotional tome that accompanies what we say and do

Question 14

What are the three components of emotion

Answer 14

1. Behaviours
2. Cognition
3. Physiolgy

Question 15

What connects emotions and psychopatholgy

Answer 15

i. Suppressing any kind of emotional response increases sympathetic nervous system activity

Question 16

What effects can gender roles have on psychopathology

Answer 16

i. Vulnerability to certain disorders and phobias is heavily influenced by your gender
ii. Also plays role in coping strategy as well as reaction to standardized treatment

Question 17

what are three social effects of health and behaviours

Answer 17

i. The greater the number and frequency of social relationships, the longer you live
ii. Risk of depression increases 80% if you live alone vs. with others
iii. Larger groups prevent catching cold as often

Question 18

Define cognitive bias – end of history

Answer 18

1. Belief that we will not change over the coming years

Question 19

Define equifinality

Answer 19

1. We must consider multiple avenues to reach the end

Question 20

What is in the central nervous system

Answer 20

i. Brain

ii. Spinal cord

Question 21

What is in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 21

i. Autonomic nervous system
1. Sympathetic division
2. Parasympathetic division
ii. Somatic nervous system

Question 22

Define the two major dopamine pathways

Answer 22

a. Mesolimbocortical system
i. Associated with schizophrenia
ii. Pathway to the outer front edges of the brain
b. Mesostriatal system
i. This system has a pathway to the middle of the brain