Chapter part 2

Question 1

Define the brain stem

Answer 1

1. Lower, more ancient part of the brain

2. Contains hindbrain, which regulates many automatic activities

Question 2

Define midbrain

Answer 2

Found in brain stem

i. Coordinates movement with sensory input
ii. Contains reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 3

Define Thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 3

i. Regulates behaviour and emotion

Question 4

Define cerebral cortex

Answer 4

1. Contains 80% of all neurons in CNS
2. Part of forebrain
3. Frontal lobe
   a. Carries out most thinking and memory important to psychopathology

Question 5

Define the peripheral nervous system

Answer 5

i. Coordinates with brain stem to make sure body is working properly
ii. Components
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

Question 6

Define the endocrine system

Answer 6

1. Releases hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 7

Define somatic nervous system

Answer 7

controls muscles

Question 8

Define the autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

a. Regulates cardio and endocrine systems

b. Contains sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 9

Define sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Answer 9

Sympathetic mobilizes, parasympathetic balances reaction of the SNS

Question 10

What is the importance of the hypothalmic pituitary adrenalcortical axis (HPA)?

Answer 10

i. The hypothalamus is connected to the endocrine system by the pituitary gland
ii. The pituitary gland can then stimulate the adrenal glands
iii. Thus, thoughts can lead to adrenalin rush

Question 11

In the context of neurotransmitters, define:

• antagonists
• agonists
• inverse agonists

Answer 11

1. Antagonists:
   a. block neurotransmitters
2. Agonists
   a. Increase activity to neurotransmitters
3. Inverse agonists
   a. Produce effects opposite to effects of neurotransmitter

Question 12

Define GABA

Answer 12

a. An inhibitory transmitter, it reduces anxiety, overall arousal, anger and hostility

Question 13

Define glutamate

Answer 13

a. Excitatory agent that turns on neurons

Question 14

Define serotonin

Answer 14

1. Regulates behaviour, mood, and thought processes

2. Low levels associated with Aggressiveness, impulsivity, suicide, higher vulnerability to problematic behaviour

Question 15

Define norepinephrine

Answer 15

1. Part of the endocrine system
2. Stimulates two groups of receptors: Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
3. Causes increased blood pressure and heart rate

Question 16

Define dopamine

Answer 16

1. Implicated in schizophrenia and addiction disorders
2. May play significant role in depression
3. Associated with outgoing, pleasure-seeking behaviours

Question 17

j. Interactions of psychosocial factors with brain structure and function

Answer 17

i. Depending on the environment you are raised in, you can have different reactions to the same psychological drug
ii. Therefore, early psychological experiences can shape our reactions to stress later in life
iii. IMPLICATION
1. Psychological disorders are not based just on biology