Chapter 3 part 3

Question 1

Define Psychophysiological Assessment

Answer 1

a. A specific method to assess brain structure and function, as well as a general method for assessing nervous system activity

Question 2

Define an ECG

Answer 2

i. Measures electrical activity in the brain

Question 3

Define an event-related potential in an ECG

Answer 3

1. Brief period of change in electrical activity following stimulous

Question 4

Define alpha waves in an ECG

Answer 4

1. A regular pattern of changes in voltage in a normal, alert adult
2. Many stress reducing tactics seek to increase Alpha wave activity

Question 5

Define delta waves

Answer 5

1. Normal ECG waves while a person is sleeping

Question 6

Define ectodermal responding

Answer 6

i. Another way to test brain activity, but by using physiological responses
ii. Measures sweat gland activity
iii. Overall, however, this technique isn’t used due to high level of expertise required to accomplish it correctly

Question 7

Define classification

Answer 7

1. Effort to construct groups from data that shares similarities

Question 8

Define Taxonomy

Answer 8

1. Science word for classification

Question 9

Define nosology

Answer 9

1. Applying a taxonomic system to a medical and psychological phenomena

Question 10

Define nomeclature

Answer 10

1. Names/labels that make up the disorders in the nosology

Question 11

Define a threshold

Answer 11

1. The minimum number of criteria required to meet the definition of a disorder

Question 12

Define ICD-10

Answer 12

International version of the DSM 5

Question 13

What are three approaches to classification

Answer 13

i. Classical categorical approach
ii. Dimensional approach
iii. Prototypical approach

Question 14

Define the classical categorical approach

Answer 14

1. Originates in the traditional study of biology
2. One set of defining criteria, when met, classify a person as suffering a particular disorder
3. Mostly rejected

Question 15

Define dimensional approach

Answer 15

1. Notes the variety of symptoms, moods, and cognitions a person has, then quantifies the severity of the symptoms on scale
2. Not adopted, due to disagreement about how many scales should be adopted

Question 16

Define the prototypical approach

Answer 16

1. Identifies central characteristcs of an entity, while allowing for other characteristics to be included that really wont change the designation
2. A candidate just has to meet enough of the central characteristics
3. Includes a wide variety of non-essential symptoms that can be used (when present) to make an accurate diagnosis

Question 17

What are two issues with classification?

Answer 17

Reliability and predictive validity

Question 18

Define predicitive validity

Answer 18

1. The outcome of the criterion is how we judge the usefulness of the category

Question 19

What was important about the DSM 3?

Answer 19

i. Departed radically from predecessors in two ways:
1. Atheoretical approach to diagnosis
2. Specific and detailed criteria
ii. Used a multi-faceted format to determine disorder in the context of the whole individual

Question 20

What was different about the DSM 4?

Answer 20

i. Tried to rely on professional consensus as little as possible
ii. Based as much as possible on sound scientific data

Question 21

What are three large differences in the DSM-5?

Answer 21

1. organized into three main sections
2. Use of dimensional axes to rate disorder severity
3. Social and cultural considerations

Question 22

What are the three main sections of the DSM 5?

Answer 22

i. How to use it
ii. The disorders themselves
iii. Appendix with descriptions of behaviour that don’t yet have formal diagnosis

Question 23

What are three criticisms of the DSM 5?

Answer 23

1. Comorbidity
2. Emphasis on reliability over validity
3. The nosology may be fundamentally flawed

Question 24

What are five improvements that should be made in the next DSM?

Answer 24

a. Exclusive reliance on discrete diagnostic categories has not been able to achieve a satisfactory system of nosology
b. The current categories lack treatment specificity
c. There should be a great emphasis on dimensionality strategies
d. Use of spectrums to categorize similar disorders
e. Future use of brain physiology into potential diagnosis