What is the difference between the chemically (rarely used) drug name, the generic (official) drug name, and the trade/brand/proprietary (trademarked) drug name?
- chemically: exact description of medication’s composition and molecular structure
- generic: assigned by the drug manufacturer
- trade/brand/proprietary: name under which manufacturer markets the medication; easy to pronounce, spell, and remember
What is the most common form of medication? What are the 3 forms this can come in?
– oral (PO)
- solid
- liquid
- others – lozenges, aerosols, etc.
What are the 4 types of PO medications that cannot be crushed?
- capsules
- enteric-coated
- sublingual
- extended-release
What is absorption in relation to medication?
how fast medications are absorbed into the bloodstream
What are the 4 factors that influence absorption rate?
- route of administration
- blood flow to site of administration
- body surface area
- lipid solubility
What are the 3 fastest routes of absorption?
- IV – fastest
- IM
- subq
Where does metabolism of medication usually occur within the body?
liver
metabolized into a less potent/inactive form
What are the 5 organs that participate in excretion of medication from the body?
- kidneys
- impaired kidney function increases risk for toxicity
- liver
- bowels
- lungs
- exocrine glands
What is the difference between the therapeutic effect and the adverse effect of medication?
- therapeutic effect: expected/predicted physiological response; what you want to happen
- adverse effect: unintended/undesirable/unpredicted response; what you don’t want to happen
What is the difference between side effect, toxic effect, and idiosyncratic reaction to medication?
- side effect: predictable but unavoidable secondary effect
- toxic effect: accumulation of medication in the bloodstream
- idiosyncratic reaction: unpredictable overreaction, underreaction, or different reaction from normal response to medication
What does it mean when medication is said to be synergistic?
one medication modifies the action of another medication
What does it mean to have increased medication tolerance?
more medication is required to achieve the same therapeutic effect
What is the therapeutic range of a medication?
lowest and highest amounts of medication to achieve therapeutic effect
What is the difference between sublingual and buccal medication administration?
- sublingual – placed under the tongue to dissolve
- buccal – placed against mucous membranes of the cheek
How many deaths/year do medical errors result in?
250,000
What is the #1 priority if a medication error is made?
assess the pt! Once the pt is stable, notify the healthcare provider
What are the 6 rights of medication administration? And what are the 5 additional rights?
– 6 rights:
- drug
- dose
- patient (2 verifiers)
- route
- time
- documentation
– 5 additional rights:
- indication/reason
- response
- assessment
- education
- right to refuse
What is polypharmacy, and for what demographic does it become an important medication consideration?
– polypharmacy: use of multiple medications; use of potentially inappropriate/unnecessary medication; use of medications that do no match diagnosis
– a consideration for older adults
What is important to note about older adult physiology in relation to medication administration?
aging results in everything slowing down – slower absorption, slower metabolism
also, more adipose tissue
What is the parenteral route? What are the 4 major sites?
– parenteral route: into bloodstream
– 4 major sites:
- intradermal – into skin
- subq – into fat
- intramuscular – into muscle
- intravenous – into veins
What are the 2 sites of administration for topical medication?
- skin
- mucous membranes – oral, rectal, vaginal
What are the 3 ways to administer nasal drugs?
- spray
- drops
- tampons – packing the nose
In 4 steps, briefly explain how to mix insulin.
- inject air into cloudy
- inject air into clear
- draw clear
- draw cloudy
What are the 4 classifications of insulin based on rate of action?
- rapid-acting
- short-acting
- intermediate-acting
- long-acting
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Chapter 111
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Chapter 285
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Chapter 407
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Chapter 4415
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Chapter 3126
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Chapter 456
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Chapter 4822
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Chapter 2414
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Chapter 68
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Chapter 23
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Chapter 47
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Chapter 53
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Chapter 98
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Chapter 152
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Chapter 174
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Chapter 181
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Chapter 197
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Chapter 237
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Chapter 412
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Chapter 381
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Chapter 391
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Chapter 4219
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Chapter 466
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Chapter 471
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Chapter 225
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Chapter 377
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Chapter 493
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Chapter 432
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Chapter 351
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Chapter 362
