Chapter 34- vertebrates

Question 1

Phylum chordata

what are the 5 characteristics that they all have at some point in their development

Answer 1

dorsal hollow nerve cord (only chordates have this structure)
notochord
pharyngeal slits
segmented muscles 
postanal tail

Question 2

a flexible rod between the nerve cord and digestive system

Answer 2

notochord

Question 3

Subphylum Cephalochordata

• Lancelets
• ___ feeders
• look like small ___
• no ___

Answer 3

filter
fish
brain

Question 4

Subphylum Urochordata

• the ___
• includes ___ ___ and ___
• the adults are ___ ___ ___
• the larvae look like mini tadpoles and have all of the ___ characteristics

Answer 4

tunicates
sea squirts, slaps
filter feeding bags
chordate

Question 5

Subphylum Vertebrata

• The vertebrates have the chordate characteristics and characteristics of their own.
• ___ column
• Cranium
• living ___ of bone or cartilage
• ___ circulatory system and a ___ ___ heart
• a variety of internal organs including ___ ___ for excretion and water balance
• an advanced, adaptive, ___ ___.
• ___ crest

Answer 5

vertebral
endoskeleton
closed, 2-4
paired kidneys
immune system
neural

Question 6

Cyclostomes – “circle mouths” – jawless vertebrates

-2 classes?

Answer 6

myxini

Petromyzontida

Question 7

class myxini

• ___ or slime ___
• no ___
• ___ scavengers and predators of ___
• NO ___ ___ - degenerate anatomy
• secrete ___ for defense

Answer 7

hagfish, eels 
jaws
marine, invertebrates
vertebral column
mucus (slime)

Question 8

Petromyzontida

• ___
• live in ___ and ___ environments
• no ___
• some are predators/parasites of ___
• some do not feed as adults (non-parasitic)
• ___ are filter feeders

Answer 8

lampreys 
marine, freshwater
jaws
fish
larvae

Question 9

Gnathostjomes

• ___ mouth
• Vertebrates with ___
• have jaws and ___ ___
• Jaws may have evolved from ___ ___, the hard supports for gill arches

Answer 9

jaw
jaws
paired appendages
gill supports

Question 10

Class Chondrichthyes

• Sharks, rays, and ratfish
• ___ skeleton
• have ___ ___ detectors
• ___: egg layer
• ___: eggs develop internally
• ___: the young develop in a uterus nourished by placenta

Answer 10

cartilaginous 
electric field
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous

Question 11

the most numerous vertebrates

-there are 3 classes

Answer 11

bony fish

Question 12

• bony fish gills are covered with an ___

- many have a ___ ___ to control buoyancy

Answer 12

operculum

swim bladder

Question 13

Class Actinopterygii

• Ray-finned fish
• The largest Class of ___ ___ and the largest Class of ___
• Most of our familiar fish such as salmon and trout
• The fins are supported by long flexible ___

Answer 13

bony fish, vertebrates

rays

Question 14

• the lobe-finned fishes

- include coelacanths and lungfish

Answer 14

Sarcopterygii

Question 15

Class Dipnoi

• ___
• they have ___ and ___
• 3 living Genera in South America, Africa, and Australia
• can live in ___ ___

Answer 15

lungfishes
lungs, gills
stagnant water

Question 16

Class Actinistia

• Coelacanths
• Most are ___
• There is only one living Genus, ___, and 2 living species
• One extinct group was ancestral to ___ ___

Answer 16

extinct
Latimeria
land vertebrates

Question 17

• Four legs

- Land vertebrates

Answer 17

Tetrapods

Question 18

Class Amphibia

• Frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians
• Partly ___ – their eggs must stay in ___ – their larval stage is also ___
• amphibians evolved ___
• ___: take on the temperature of their surroundings - “cold blooded”

Answer 18

terrestrial
water
aquatic
legs
ectotherms

Question 19

Class Reptilia
-Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and 
many extinct taxa
-Most are completely \_\_\_
-Evolved the \_\_\_ \_\_\_ that can 
survive on land
-Ectotherms
-Have \_\_\_, waterproof skin

Answer 19

terrestrial
amniotic egg
keratinized

Question 20

• Turtles and tortoises
• Have a shell
• No teeth

Answer 20

Class – Testudines

Question 21

Class Squamata
-Lizards and snakes
-The most abundant living \_\_\_
-Have \_\_\_ \_\_\_ (flexible, with 
many joints)

Answer 21

reptiles

kinetic skulls

Question 22

Class Crocodilia

• Crocodiles and alligators
• ___ ___ heart
• Teeth in ___

Answer 22

4 chambered

sockets

Question 23

-“bird-hipped”
-Stegosaurs, Triceratops, hadrosaurs
(duck bills), and many others

Answer 23

Class Ornithischia

Question 24

“lizard-hipped”

T. rex, Brachiosaurus, and many others

Answer 24

Class – Saurischia

Question 25

``` Class Aves Traditional classification -___ -Have feathers for ___, ___, and ___ -___ – generate body heat – “warm-blooded” -___ ___ heart -Very efficient ___ ```

Answer 25

``` birds flying, insulation, display Endothermic 4 chambered lungs ```

Question 26

``` Birds have many adaptations to keep their weight down, including: hollow ___, no ___ (on modern birds), short ___ (on modern birds), one ___, and atrophied ___ ___ outside of the breeding season. ```

Answer 26

``` bones teeth tail ovary reproductive organs ```

Question 27

Class Mammalia - Have ___ - ___ their young - Are ___ - Have enucleate ___ ___ ___ - Have ___ ___hearts - Have a one piece lower ___ - Most are ___ - have enlarged brains - have a variety of ___ - large herbivores - horns and antlers

Answer 27

``` hair Nurse endothermic red blood cells 4 chambered jaw viviparous teeth ```

Question 28

Monotremes - ___ mammals - platypus, echidnas - No ___ ___ - No ___ but they do produce milk - The young lap up milk from moms ___

Answer 28

egg-laying gestation period (pregnancy) nipples fur

Question 29

Marsupials - ___ mammals - Kangaroos, wallabies, opossums, koalas, wombats, and others - short ___ period - Long ___ period

Answer 29

pouched gestation lactation (nursing)

Question 30

``` Eutherians -___ mammals -The majority of living mammals -long ___ period -Many have a relatively short ___ ___ compared to marsupials ```

Answer 30

Placental gestation lactation period

Question 31

``` Order Primates -Mostly ___ (tree dwelling) -Have ___ hands and ___ limbs -Many have well developed ___ -5 digits, usually with nails, on forelimbs and hind limbs -Have ___ ___ for depth perception -Prosimians (lemurs and others), Old world monkeys, New world monkeys, apes, and humans ```

Answer 31

arboreal grasping, flexible brains binocular vision