CHAPTER 5!!!!

Question 1

3 layers of the integument?

Answer 1

• Epidermis – outermost layer (made of epithelial tissue).
• Dermis – middle layer (connective tissue, contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair
  follicles).
• Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) – below dermis (mostly fat and connective tissue; not
  technically part of the skin but supports it).

Question 2

What are the accessory organs of the integumentary system?

Answer 2

− Hair
− Nails
− Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
− Sebaceous (oil) glands

Question 3

What is the study and medical treatment of the integumentary system?

Answer 3

Dermatology – the study, diagnosis, and treatment of skin disorders.

Question 4

functions of the cutaneous membrane.

Answer 4

• Protection (from UV rays, pathogens, dehydration)
• Sensation (touch, pressure, temperature, pain)
• Thermoregulation (sweating and blood vessel control)
• Excretion (sweat removes small waste)
• Vitamin D production (with sunlight)
• Water resistance

Question 5

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

Answer 5

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

Where is thick skin found?

Answer 6

− Palms of hands
− Soles of feet
− Fingertips

Question 7

How is thick skin different from thin skin?

Answer 7

Location Palms, soles.
Stratum lucidum Present
Epidermis thickness Thicker
Hair follicles None
Oil glands None

Question 8

e layers of the epidermis

Answer 8

1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

Question 9

How long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?

Answer 9

− About 30 days (1 month)

Question 10

How long is the cell in the stratum corneum before it is shed?

Answer 10

About 2 weeks (14 days)

Question 11

What 3 pigments determine skin color?

Answer 11

• Melanin – brown/black pigment from melanocytes (protects against UV).
• Carotene – yellow-orange pigment from diet (carrots, sweet potatoes).
• Hemoglobin – red pigment in blood that gives skin a pinkish tint when oxygenated

Question 12

What do melanocytes make?

Answer 12

Melanin → the brown/black pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color.

Question 13

how well-oxygenated and poorly-oxygenated blood affect skin color.

Answer 13

▫ Well-oxygenated blood: skin looks pink or red (seen best in lighter skin; caused by oxygenated
hemoglobin).
▫ Poorly oxygenated blood: skin looks bluish (cyanosis) because of deoxygenated hemoglobin.

Question 14

diagnostic skin colors and their causes.

Answer 14

Blue Cyanosis Low oxygen in blood (heart/lung issues).

Red Erythema Increased blood flow (heat, anger, exercise, infection).

Pale / White Pallor Decreased blood flow or low blood pressure, shock, anemia.

Yellow Jaundice Buildup of bilirubin (liver problem).

Bronze Addison’s disease Adrenal gland hormone disorder.

Black / Blue mark Hematoma (bruise) Clotted blood under the skin.

Question 15

all of the skin markings.

Answer 15

-Friction ridges: fingerprints; help grip.
-Flexion lines (creases): lines on palms, fingers, wrists from skin folding.
-Freckles: flat, pigmented spots from uneven melanin.
-Moles (nevi): raised pigmented spots (can be benign or cancerous).
-Hemangiomas (birthmarks): patches of skin from overgrowth of blood vessels.
-Striae (stretch marks): silvery lines from skin tearing during stretching.

Question 16

What is the dermis?

Answer 16

• The middle layer of skin under the epidermis.
• Made of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
• Contains hair follicles, glands, blood vessels, and nerves.

Question 17

the 2 layers of the dermis, and what they are composed of.

Answer 17

• Papillary layer (top 20%)
• Made of areolar connective tissue.
• Has dermal papillae (fingerlike projections) that form fingerprints.
• Contains capillaries and touch receptors.
• Reticular layer (bottom 80%)
• Made of dense irregular connective tissue.
• Contains collagen and elastic fibers for strength and stretch.
• Has glands, hair roots, and deeper nerves.

Question 18

From which layer do fingerprints originate?

Answer 18

− From the dermal papillae in the papillary layer of the dermis.

Question 19

Where are stretch marks formed?

Answer 19

− In the reticular layer of the dermis — caused by tearing of collagen fibers when skin
stretches too far.

Question 20

where the hypodermis is found, and what it consists of.

Answer 20

• Found below the dermis (deepest layer under the skin).
• Made mostly of adipose (fat) and loose connective tissue.

Question 21

What are the functions of the hypodermis?

Answer 21

• Insulation – helps regulate body temperature.
• Cushioning – protects underlying organs and bones.
• Energy storage – stores fat for energy.
• Anchors skin to muscles below

Question 22

structure of a hair follicle and the associated structures.

Answer 22

• Hair shaft: visible part above skin.
• Hair root: part below the surface.
• Hair bulb: base where growth happens; contains dividing cells and melanocytes for
  color.
• Arrector pili muscle: tiny muscle that makes hair stand up (“goosebumps”).
• Sebaceous gland: oil gland attached to follicle.

Question 23

the 3 types of hair and be able compare and contrast them

Answer 23

-Lanugo Fine, downy hair on fetuses (usually shed before birth). Baby fuzz

-Vellus Fine, light hair covering most of the body. Peach fuzz

-Terminal Thick, coarse, pigmented hair. Scalp, eyebrows, armpits, beard, etc.

Question 24

the zones of the hair.

Answer 24

Shaft – visible part above the skin.

Root – part below the skin surface but above the bulb.

Bulb – base of the hair follicle where new cells divide and grow (contains blood vessels and melanocytes).

Question 25

What do sebaceous glands secrete? What is the function of the secretion?

Answer 25

− Secretion: Sebum (an oily, waxy substance). o Function: ▪ Keeps skin and hair moist and soft. ▪ Helps prevent drying and cracking. ▪ Has antibacterial properties.

Question 26

Be able to describe the differences between the types of sweat glands

Answer 26

-Eccrine glands are widespread, produce watery sweat for cooling the body, and are active from birth -Apocrine glands are located in specific areas like the armpits and groin

Question 27

what protein makes nails so tough.

Answer 27

▫ Keratin (a hard, strong protein — same one found in hair and skin).

Question 28

Where do nails grow from?

Answer 28

From the nail matrix, located under the proximal nail fold (at the base of the nail).

Question 29

What is age related degeneration?

Answer 29

* Gradual wearing down, slowing, or weakening of body systems and tissues as a person ages

Question 30

How does the integumentary system change as we age?

Answer 30

− Thinner skin (epidermis and dermis shrink). − Less collagen and elasticity → wrinkles and sagging. − Slower healing and reduced blood flow. − Fewer melanocytes → uneven pigmentation or gray hair. − Drier skin (fewer sebaceous and sweat glands). − Thinner hair or hair loss. − Brittle nails.

Question 31

What causes skin cancer?

Answer 31

− Uncontrolled cell growth in the skin, usually due to DNA damage from UV radiation (sun or tanning beds). − Can also be linked to genetics, fair skin, or immune suppression.

Question 32

What are the primary causes of death when a person has extensive burns on the body?

Answer 32

* Fluid loss → dehydration → shock * Infection * Toxic effects from dead tissue and chemicals released by burns

Question 32

What are the 3 types of skin cancer?

Answer 32

-Basal cell carcinoma: The most common type, originating in the deepest layer of the skin. -Squamous cell carcinoma: The second most common type, originating in the middle layer of the skin. -Melanoma: The least common but most dangerous type, originating in the cells that produce melanin (pigment).

Question 33

the 3 degrees of burns, what layers are affected in each, and what the symptoms of each are?

Answer 33

1st-degree: -Layer: Epidermis -Symptoms: Red, mild pain, dry, no blisters 2nd-degree: -Layers: Epidermis + part of dermis -Symptoms: Red, blisters, very painful, moist 3rd-degree: -Layers: Epidermis + dermis destroyed (may reach fat) -Symptoms: White/charred, dry, painless (nerves destroyed)