CHAPTER 9!!!

Question 1

What are articulations?

Answer 1

• Points where bones meet.
• Can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable.

Question 2

What is arthrology?

Answer 2

− The study of joints.

Question 3

What is kinesiology?

Answer 3

− The study of movement (muscle and joint motion).

Question 4

What are syntoses? How much movement is possible?

Answer 4

• Completely fused bones (e.g., frontal bone, epiphyseal lines).
• No movement is possible.

Question 5

What are synarthoses? What holds the joint together? How much movement?

Answer 5

− Immovable joints held together by fibrous tissue or cartilage.

Question 6

Know the 3 types of synarthrodial joints.

Answer 6

1. Sutures – between skull bones.
2. Gomphoses – teeth in sockets.
3. Synchondroses – cartilage connection (like between ribs & sternum or epiphyseal plate)

Question 7

What is an amphiarthrodial joint?

Answer 7

• Slightly movable joint.

Question 8

Know the 2 types of amphiarthroses. What bones do they join?

Answer 8

− Syndesmosis – bones connected by ligaments (ex: between tibia and fibula).
− Symphysis – bones joined by fibrocartilage (ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).

Question 9

What are synovial joints? How moveable are they?

Answer 9

− Freely movable joints surrounded by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid.

Question 10

Know the general anatomy of synovial joints.

Answer 10

• Articular cartilage (covers bone ends).
• Joint (articular) capsule with:
• Outer fibrous layer
• Inner synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid)
• Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
• Ligaments (bone-to-bone).
• Tendons (muscle-to-bone).
• Bursa – fluid-filled sacs that cushion movement.

Question 11

Know the structural classifications of synovial joints

Answer 11

Plane (gliding): Flat surfaces slide (ex: wrist bones).

Hinge: Bends in one direction (ex: elbow, knee).

Pivot: Rotates around an axis (ex: neck).

Condyloid (ellipsoidal): Back-and-forth and side-to-side (ex: wrist joint).

Saddle: Allows wide range of motion (ex: thumb).

Ball-and-socket: Greatest movement in all directions (ex: shoulder, hip).

Question 12

Know the types of movement and be able to identify them

Answer 12

• Flexion / Extension – bending or straightening.
• Abduction / Adduction – away from or toward midline.
• Rotation – twisting (like shaking your head “no”).
• Circumduction – circular movement.
• Elevation / Depression – raising or lowering (like shrugging).
• Supination / Pronation – palm up or down.
• Inversion / Eversion – sole of foot in or out.
• Protraction / Retraction – moving forward or backward (jaw or shoulders).

Question 13

What is rheumatism?

Answer 13

− General term for pain and stiffness in muscles, tendons, or joints.

Question 14

Know what arthritis is and what the 2 types are. How are the 2 types of arthritis different?

Answer 14

• Inflammation of a joint.

1. Osteoarthritis (OA) – “wear and tear”; cartilage breaks down with age or overuse.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) – autoimmune disease where the body attacks joint tissues, causing
   swelling and deformity