Chpt 2 Study Guide!!

Question 1

What is the basic living unit of the body?

Answer 1

the cell

Question 2

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

Answer 2

• Cells are the structural “building blocks” of all plants and animals.
• Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells.
• Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.

Question 3

How many cells are there in the human body?

Answer 3

75-100 trillion cells

Question 4

What is extracellular fluid?

Answer 4

the water and dissolved substances found outside of the body’s cells

Question 5

What is cytoplasm and what 2 things make it up?

Answer 5

Cytoplasm – all cellular contents
* Cytosol – intracellular fluid portion
* Organelles – intracellular structures

Question 6

What is the basic structure of the cell membrane?

Answer 6

phospholipid bilayer - selectively permeable - controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 7

What can get through the cell membrane easily?

Answer 7

lipid soluble substances

Question 8

What cannot pass through the cell membrane easily?

Answer 8

water soluble substances

Question 9

What are integral proteins?

Answer 9

Proteins that extend through the cell membrane and serve as receptors or ion channels.

Question 10

What are peripheral proteins?

Answer 10

Proteins attached to the bilayer but do not penetrate it, often serving as enzymes.

Question 11

What is the glycocalyx?

Answer 11

Glycolipids and glycoproteins that form a ‘sugar coating’ on the cell surface.

Question 12

What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 12

• Physical isolation
• Regulation
• Sensitivity
• Structural support

Question 13

What are the passive mechanisms by which particles can move across the cell membrane?

Answer 13

• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Bulk Flow
• Filtration
• Facilitated Diffusion

Question 14

What are the active mechanisms by which particles can move across the cell membrane?

Answer 14

• Active Transport
• Vesicular Transport

Question 15

What is the difference between active and passive mechanisms?

Answer 15

Active mechanisms require energy to move substances, while passive mechanisms do not.

Question 16

What are the proteins called that help to carry out active transport?

Answer 16

carrier proteins

Question 17

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 17

A process that brings in large particles or whole cells (like bacteria or food).

Question 18

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 18

A process that brings in fluids and dissolved molecules from the extracellular environment.

Question 19

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Answer 19

A specific, targeted process for internalizing particular substances that bind to specific cell-surface receptors.

Question 20

What does ‘organelles’ mean?

Answer 20

A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell.

Question 21

What does the cytoskeleton provide for the cell?

Answer 21

strength and flexibility

Question 22

What are the 4 types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 22

• Microfilaments
• Intermediate Fibers
• Thick Filaments
• Microtubules

Question 23

What are microvilli?

Answer 23

Structures that increase surface area to enhance absorption.

Question 24

What are centrioles and what is their function?

Answer 24

Paired, barrel-shaped organelles that direct movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

Question 25

How are cilia used in the human body?

Answer 25

Cilia are hair-like structures that produce a rhythmic beat to move fluids across the cell membrane.

Question 26

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 26

Read genetic messages, assemble amino acids, synthesize proteins.

Question 27

Where are fixed ribosomes found?

Answer 27

Attached to the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

Question 28

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 28

Specialized for aerobic respiration.

Question 29

What are cristae and matrix in the mitochondria?

Answer 29

* Cristae – increases surface area * Matrix – fluid contents that provide/stores energy

Question 30

What is the nucleus?

Answer 30

The control center for cellular processes, enclosed in a nuclear envelope.

Question 31

What is the nucleolus and where is it found?

Answer 31

Part inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes.

Question 32

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

Answer 32

* Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and makes proteins. * Smooth ER has no ribosomes, makes lipids, helps remove toxins, and stores calcium.

Question 33

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 33

Small parts in the cell that break down fatty acids and toxins.

Question 34

Where are peroxisomes made and where are they abundant?

Answer 34

* Made in the cytoplasm from the ER or by growing from other peroxisomes. * Abundant in liver and kidney cells.

Question 35

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 35

* Synthesis and packaging of secretions * Modification of cell membrane

Question 36

What are lysosomes?

Answer 36

Small sacs in the cell containing digestive enzymes.

Question 37

What is autophagy?

Answer 37

The process where a cell cleans itself by breaking down and reusing old or damaged parts.

Question 38

What is apoptosis?

Answer 38

Programmed cell death to protect the body from sick or harmful cells.

Question 39

What are the 4 types of intercellular attachments?

Answer 39

* Gap Junctions * Tight Junctions * Intermediate Junctions * Desmosomes

Question 40

What happens in the G₁ phase of interphase?

Answer 40

Cell grows and makes proteins and organelles.

Question 41

What happens in the S phase of interphase?

Answer 41

Cell copies its DNA.

Question 42

What happens in the G₂ phase of interphase?

Answer 42

Cell grows more and prepares for mitosis.

Question 43

What is mitosis?

Answer 43

The process where a cell divides to make two identical cells.