What does the uterus do during pregnancy?
size up 15x, volume up 500x
What does the cardiopulmonary system do during pregnancy?
blood volume/cardiac output up to 60%, BP the same or lower, lower CO2 so baby gets more O2
What does the endocrine metabolic system do during pregnancy?
increased need for iron, calcium, folate, protein, calories, insulin sensitivity increases then decreases during pregnancy
What does the musculoskeletal system do during pregnancy?
low back pain, joint laxity, posture change
three stages of labor and delivery
- cervical effacement and dilation
- birth or parturition (up to 4 hrs)
- delivery of placenta, 5-30 mins
three primary complications of pregnancy
placenta placement: causes hemorrhaging
pre-eclampsia-hypertension
exaggerated insulin response-diabetes
3 primary complications of delivery
failure to progress-requires c-section
non reassuring fetal status: fetal distress via anemia or hypertension, require c-section
maternal hemorrhage
most common risks to neonates
aspiration of amniotic fluid, asphxsia, fetal distress
risks of teen pregancy
seeking unsafe abortions, nutritional complications, mental health issues
besides consensual sex, what causes teen pregnancy
rape, trafficking, early marriage
what communities are teen girls most vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy
marginalized ones
most common bacterial and viral STDs
bacterial: Gonorrhea and syphilis
viral: HSV, HPV, HepB, HIV
how are bacterial and viral STDs treated differently
bacterial can be cured with antibiotics, viral cannot but can be managed
Tuskegee syphilis experiment
A study done on African men that looked at untreated syphilis in the men, and no medical care wave provided, even if available
Gravidity
number of all pregnancies, successful or not
parity
number of live births
fertility rates
avg number of children born to a woman
replacement population
maintain stable population with 2 children per two parents
leading causes of maternal mortality
hemorrhage, hypertension, abortion
compare maternal mortality rates/100k lives births in USA, Np, what are the trends in USA
USA has lower rates compared to Np and Et, but rates are going up in the US due to pre-eclampsia and hemorrhaging
besides mortality, what are some possible morbidities of maternal complications
still birth, maternal obstetric fistula, paralysis
what are some etiological risks/exposures increasing maternal morbidity/morality
-first or adolescent pregnancy
-short time between pregnancies
-pre-conception health factors
-history of gestation diabetes, large babies, FMG, abortion
why is focusing on adolescent health important
neglect now means risk of morbidity-mortality later, ensuring adolescents have safe resources
globally what are the three ways to reduce maternal mortality rates
-education and opportunity
-reduce early/frequent births
-access to parental care/live births
