1
Q
Cardiorespiratory system
A
A system of the body composed of heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs and airways
2
Q
Cardiovascular system
A
A system of the body known as the circulatory system that transports blood to the tissues
3
Q
The heart is contained in the ***
A
Mediastinum
4
Q
Three types of muscle in the body
A
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
5
Q
Myofibrils
A
Contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments actin and myosin are contained within a myofibril
6
Q
Sarcomere
A
The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z lines
7
Q
Stroke volume
A
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each contraction
8
Q
End-diastolic volume
A
The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction
9
Q
End-systolic volume
A
The volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection
10
Q
Cardiac output
A
Overall performance of the heart as measured by volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (mL/min)
11
Q
Formula for cardiac output
A
Stroke volume x heart rate
12
Q
Heart chamber pneumonic
A
A comes before V
Atria on top
Ventricle below
13
Q
Heart chamber pneumonic II
A
“Right returns, Left leaves”
Right chambers collect deoxygenated blood returning from body while left chambers collect oxygenated blood that has left lungs before sending to body
14
Q
Intercalated discs
A
Structures specific to cardiac muscles that help hold cells together during contraction and create an electrical connection between cells
15
Q
Sinoatrial node
A
Structure in the right atrium that initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat
16
Q
Atrioventricular node
A
Structure between the atria and ventricles that delays the electrical impulse from the SA node to the rest of the conduction system allowing the ventricles to fill with blood
17
Q
Estimate the pulse during exercise with what technique?
A
Apply slight pressure to radial artery on palm side of wrist and count beats per 6 seconds and then multiply by 10
18
Q
What system signals to heart to increase rate of conduction to meet oxygen body needs during exercise?
A
Sympathetic nervous system
19
Q
Blood
A
Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, and veins to carry nutrients, oxygen, growth factors and hormones to organs and carry waste from organs to liver for processing or kidneys for excretion
20
Q
Three types of cells in blood
A
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets
21
Q
Red blood cell function
A
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body
22
Q
White blood cell function
A
Fight infection
23
Q
Platelet function
A
Clotting
Transport growth factors for local healing after injury
24
Q
How much blood is plasma? Cells?
A
55% and 45%
25
List three support mechanisms of blood
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
26
List four examples of blood transportation
Transport oxygen/nutrients to tissue
Transport waste from tissue
Transport hormones, GF, stem cells
Carrie’s heat throughout the body
27
Two examples of blood regulation
Regulates body temperature
Regulates acid base balance
28
Two examples of blood protection
Protects from excessive bleeding
Fights disease with specialized immune cells
29
Stem cells
Cells within the body that divide and develop into specialized cells such as brain, blood, heart or bone cells
30
Blood vessels
Network of hollow tubes that circulate blood throughout the body
31
Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
32
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessel unit and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues
33
Veins
Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs
34
Venules
Small veins between capillaries and larger veins
35
Vasculogenesis
De novo formation of new capillaries
36
Angiogenesis
Formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels
37
Blood flow through the veins is assisted by these two mechanisms?
Contraction of skeletal muscle
Contraction of smooth muscle along the veins
38
What anatomic structure prevents blood from pooling in the lower veins?
Special one way valves in veins that prevent back flow
39
Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the body except?
Pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
40
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart except?
Pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
41
What occurs to blood flow during exercise?
Blood increasingly returns to the heart from the veins, which increases ventricular filling, which improves contractile force per Starling Law
42
Frank Starling Law of Heart
Stroke volume increased when there is increased venous r
43
Name two ways that blood flow through the veins is assisted?
Contraction of skeletal muscle
Contraction of smooth muscle along the veins
44
What structures prevent venous back flow?
One way valves
45
Venous pooling
Accumulation of blood in extremities due to slow blood flow through the veins or backflow
46
Name three consequences of reduced venous return due to damaged veins?
Swelling of extremities
Leg veins more visible
Reduced cardiac output
47
Reduced cardiac output may manifest as what symptom?
Light-headedness when changing positions
48
Blood pressure
Measurement of pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries
49
Name two factors that determine blood pressure
Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance (amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for flow)
50
When reading blood pressure, the tip number *** and the bottom number ***
Reflects systolic pressure when heart contracts
Reflects diastolic pressure when heart is at rest and filling with blood
51
HTN
Consistently elevated BP
52
Endocrine system
Body system that regulates bodily functions, including mood, growth and development, tissue function and metabolism
53
Three components of the endocrine system
Glands
Hormones
Target receptors
54
Lipolysis
Breakdown and utilization of fat for energy
55
Enzyme
Substance in the body that causes a specific change or reaction
56
Glands
Organ that produce and release hormones to the bloodstream or body
57
Hormone
Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function or pathway
58
Target receptor cell
Cell that receives message from hormone or enzyme and then exerts an action after being stimulated
59
Hypothalamus
A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland
60
Pineal gland
Gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin, which helps regulate the onset and timing of sleep
61
Pancreas
Gland in the intraperitoneal cavity that has numerous functions including the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes
62
Thyroid gland
Gland located in the anterior neck responsible for secreting several hormones including thyroxin and calcitonin
63
Pituitary gland
Gland located in the brain, responsible for secreting many hormones including growth hormone, “master gland”
64
Adrenal gland
Gland located above the kidneys responsible for secreting several hormones, including catecholamines and cortisol
65
Reproductive glands
Glands such as ovaries and testes that serve sex specific functions
66
Primary source of energy during vigorous exercise?
Carbohydrates
67
Primary fuel for the brain
Glucose
68
Insulin
Hormone secreted by pancreas that escorts blood glucose into liver, fat and muscle cells
69
Glucagon
Hormone secreted by pancreas that acts on liver to breakdown glycogen stores and raise blood sugar levels
70
Substrates
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate
71
Glycogen
Glucose that is deposited and stored in body tissues like liver and muscle; stored carbohydrate
72
Exercise can independently improve insulin sensitivity aside from its direct effects on weight loss
True
73
Name two ways by which exercise helps lower blood glucose levels
Increased insulin sensitivity
Increased uptake of glucose by non-insulin mediated mechanisms (GLUT4 translocation induced by contraction)
74
Why is the pituitary known as the master gland?
Because it exerts control over many other endocrine glands
75
Growth hormone
Anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary that is responsible for growth and development
76
Catecholamines
Hormones, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine, produced by the adrenal medulla that are part of the stress, fight-or-flight response
77
Catecholamines, specifically epinephrine, can increase energy and force production during exercise.
True
78
The hypothalamus and nervous system trigger the adrenal medulla to produce more epinephrine in anticipation of exercise. List five downstream effects.
Increase HR/SV
Elevate glucose
Redistribution of blood to tissues
Open airways
Improve lipolysis
79
Cortisol
Catabolic hormone secreted by adrenal cortex in response to stressors, including exercise
80
Abnormally high levels of cortisol can lead to breakdown of muscle tissue. Name four factors associated with this process.
Overtraining
Excessive stress
Poor sleep
Inadequate nutrition
81
When is cortisol highest? Lowest?
Early morning hours
Evening
82
Can low blood glucose trigger a cortisol spike?
Yes
83
What process does cortisol trigger to sustain body energy?
Gluconeogenesis
84
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources like protein and fat
85
Catabolic
Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy
86
Overtraining
Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in a reduced performance, also caused by a lack of rest and recovery
87
Testosterone
Hormone produced by testes in men and ovaries and adrenals in women that causes male secondary sex characteristics, anabolic in nature
88
Anabolic
Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues
89
Testosterone plays a fundamental in the growth and repair of tissue in both sexes
True
90
Estrogen
Hormone produced by the ovaries in females and by the adrenals in males and gives rise to secondary sex characteristics like increased fat around the hips, buttocks and thighs
91
Exercise changes sex hormone levels in what timeframe?
Acutely
92
Name the structures and hormones involved in exercise mediated testosterone release for muscle growth and recovery.
Hypothalamus-GnRH
Pituitary-LH
Leydig cell (testes)-Testosterone
93
Name four factors that stimulate GH
Estrogen
Testosterone
Deep sleep
Vigorous exercise
94
Name five functions of GH
Development of bone
Development of muscle
Protein synthesis
Increased lipolysis
Strengthens immune system
95
GH releases the following two anabolic hormones from liver and muscle, respectively?
Insulin like growth factor (IGF-1)
Mechanogrowth factor
96
Insulin like growth factor
Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development
97
Name two other functions affected by IGF
Protein synthesis
Fat metabolism
98
Muscle hypertrophy is related to what three hormones, among others
Testosterone
IGF
Growth hormones
99
IGF is also synthesized and stored in muscles and tendons known as?
Mechanogrowth factor
100
IGF levels have been shown to increase up to *** hours following resistance training
48
101
Local levels of IGF in muscles are not necessarily affected by age
True
102
What part of an exercise increases local IGF secretion in the muscles being overloaded?
The eccentric or decelerating phase in which a weight/body is slowly returned to the starting position
103
Name six body functions of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones
Regulate heart rate
Regulate body temperature
Regulate metabolism
Protein synthesis
Regulate breathing rate
Sensitivity to epinephrine
104
The thyroid plays a critical role in bone mineral density through ***?
Calcitonin, which helps the body use calcium properly to aid in maintaining bone mineral density
105
List five symptoms of low thyroid hormone
Low metabolism
Fatigue
Depression
Sensitivity to cold
Weight gain
106
Basal metabolic rate
Amount of energy required to maintain body at rest
107
Testosterone, GH, and IGF all increase in response to what two exercise modalities?
Strength training
Moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise
108
Overtraining results in the following two hormonal changes?
Lower testosterone
Higher cortisol
109
What training change can help increase GH, testosterone and epinephrine?
Slowing down speed of repetitions during resistance training, increasing muscle time under tension
110
Adequate high quality sleep is important for muscle recovery after exercise.
True
111
Name four hormonal changes that occur with good sleep
Lower cortisol
Higher GH
Balanced thyroid
Improved glucose metabolism
112
Name one undesirable metabolic change that occurs with sleeping less than 6 hrs on average
Glucose intolerance
113
Name three functional regions of the digestive system
Head and neck
Upper GI tract
Lower GI tract
114
Gallbladder
Organ below the liver on right side that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into duodenum
115
Liver
Organ in the upper right abdomen that produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder
116
Motility
Movements of the anatomical structures of the GI tract that allow contents to pass through
117
Mastication
Mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food
118
Peristalsis
Muscular action of the GI tract that pushes food through the body during digestion
119
Digestion
Multi step process that describes the passage of food through the body
120
Absorption
Process of nutrients being absorbed into the body during the digestive process
121
Esophagus
Anatomical structure of the GI tract that allows food to pass from the oral cavity to the stomach
122
Ingestion
The act of taking food, liquid or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion
123
Chyme
Semi fluid mass of digested food that is passed fr the stomach to the small intestine
124
Duodenum
Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum
125
Jejunum
Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum
126
Ileum
The final section of the small intestine located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to large intestine
127
Name three gastric factors that assist the breakdown of food
HCL
Mucus
Pepsinogen
128
Name the valves at the top and bottom of the stomach
Esophageal sphincter
Pyloric valve
129
Name five substances absorbed into the duodenum and jejunum
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Calcium
Iron
130
Name four substances absorbed in the ileum
Salts
Vitamins
Water
Electrolytes
131
Another name for the nervous system in the GI tract
Enteric nervous system
132
The large intestine has little to no digestive function and serves primarily to absorb water and pass waste into the rectum
True
133
Physical activity can improve intestinal motility and help constipation
True!
NASM
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