Chapter 7

Question 1

Human Movement System

Answer 1

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

Question 2

Kinetic Chain

Answer 2

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

Question 3

Regional Interdependence Model

Answer 3

The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.

Question 4

If any part of the kinetic chain is injured or not functioning properly, the entire link is compromised, resulting in less than optimal performance.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Biomechanics

Answer 5

The study of mechanical laws relating to movement, using the scientific principles of physics to examine how the body creates movement at the joints.

Question 6

Kinesiology

Answer 6

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.

Question 7

Anatomic Position

Answer 7

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature.

Question 8

Three planes used to describe human movement

Answer 8

Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse

Question 9

Movement patterns that take the body through motions in more than one plane are termed ***

Answer 9

Multiplanar

Question 10

Osteokinematics

Answer 10

Movement of a limb that is visible

Question 11

Arthrokinematics

Answer 11

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin

Question 12

Sagittal Plane

Answer 12

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

Question 13

Flexion

Answer 13

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

Question 14

Extension

Answer 14

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

Question 15

Hyperextension

Answer 15

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion. Reserved for pathological movement.

Question 16

Extension occurring at the ankle is called ***

Answer 16

Plantar flexion

Question 17

List ten examples of predominantly sagittal plane exercises

Answer 17

Biceps curls, triceps pushdowns, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jump, climbing stairs, and shooting a basketball.

Question 18

Frontal plane

Answer 18

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

Question 19

Three movement types in the frontal plane

Answer 19

Abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions

Question 20

Abduction

Answer 20

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Question 21

Adduction

Answer 21

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

Question 22

Lateral flexion

Answer 22

Bending of the spine from side to side

Question 23

Eversion

Answer 23

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward

Question 24

Inversion

Answer 24

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward

Question 25

Four examples of frontal plane movements

Answer 25

Jumping jacks, lateral shoulder raises, side lunging, side shuffle

Question 26

Transverse plane

Answer 26

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

Question 27

Internal rotation

Answer 27

Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body

Question 28

External rotation

Answer 28

Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body

Question 29

Horizontal abduction

Answer 29

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Question 30

Horizontal adduction

Answer 30

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

Question 31

Radioulnar pronation

Answer 31

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position

Question 32

Radioulnar supination

Answer 32

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position

Question 33

Four examples of transverse plane exercises

Answer 33

Cable trunk rotation, a dumbbell chest fly, and swinging a bat or golf club

Question 34

Pronation of foot

Answer 34

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction

Question 35

Supination of foot

Answer 35

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production

Question 36

Gait

Answer 36

Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting

Question 37

Foot pronation occurs when the foot ***

Answer 37

lands on the ground

Question 38

Foot supination occurs when the foot ***

Answer 38

pushes off the ground

Question 39

Scapular retraction

Answer 39

Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline

Question 40

Scapular protraction

Answer 40

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline

Question 41

Scapular depression

Answer 41

Scapulae move downward or inferiorly

Question 42

Scapular elevation

Answer 42

Scapulae move upward or superiorly

Question 43

Isolated scapular movements are callled *** because they do not rotate around a fixed axis

Answer 43

Translations

Question 44

Name two muscle groups involved in scapular retraction

Answer 44

Trapezius Rhomboids

Question 45

Name two muscle groups involved in scapular protraction

Answer 45

Serratus anterior Pectoralis

Question 46

Normal movement requires normal *** and ***

Answer 46

Osteokinematics Arthrokinematics

Question 47

Four necessary conditions for normal movement

Answer 47

Normal elasticity of joint capsule and ligaments Normal muscle length and flexibility Normal neurological system Normal muscular system

Question 48

Elasticity

Answer 48

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched

Question 49

Flexibility

Answer 49

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint

Question 50

Hypermobility

Answer 50

Lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having excess range of motion, greatly increasing the risk of injury

Question 51

Hypomobility

Answer 51

Range of motion at a joint is limited

Question 52

Hypermobility occurs largely from a lack of *** support

Answer 52

Ligamentous

Question 53

Hypomobility occurs due to restricted *** crossing a joint

Answer 53

length of muscular structures