Chapter 7 Flashcards by Veronica Haste

How does the bones act as a safety deposit box

It stores calcium (releases calcium when the blood needs it, and stores calcium when the blood has too much calcium)

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What are attached to bones that help make movement possible

Muscles - as muscles contract and shorten, they pull on the bones and thereby move them. Moveable joints in the skeleton

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Main function of the skeletal system

To provide support (internal framework of the body) and provides protection to soft tissues and organs

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Increases Mineralization of bone and thus reduces the blood calcium level

Calcitonin (CT) from the thyroid gland

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Counterbalancing the effects of CT by decreasing calcium in the bone, and thus increasing the blood calcium levels

Parathyroid hormones (PTH) from the parathyroid glands

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Main function of the skeletal system

To provide support (internal framework of the body) and provides protection to soft tissues and organs

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Can the cavities of some bones store fat?

Yes

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Blood cell formation

Hematopoiesis

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Where does blood cell formation occur

Red bone marrow

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What produces red blood, white blood cells and platelets

Red bone marrow

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What are the four major types of bones

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones

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Humerus or arm bone

Long bones

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Carpal or wrist bones

Short bones

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Frontal or skull bone

Flat bones

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Vertebrae or spinal bones

Irregular bones

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Additional category of bone type that may develop within a tendon

Sesamoid (like a sesame seed or round)

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Sesamoid bone example

Kneecap (patella) which develop within the patellar tendon

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What are the main parts of the long bone in an adult

Diaphysis (shaft), medullary cavity, epiphyses

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Hollow tube made of hard compact bone: rigid and strong but light enough to permit easy movement

Diaphysis (shaft) a paste of the long bone

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Hollow area inside of the diaphysis of a bone

Medullary cavity

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Contains soft yellow bone marrow, an inactive, fatty form of marrow found in the adult skeleton

Medullary cavity

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The end of a long bone: red bone marrow fill in small spaces in the spongy bone inside the epiphyses

Epiphyses

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Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis: functions like a thin smooth rubber cushion

Articular cartilage

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A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Endosteum

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What two major types of connective tissue do the skeletal system contain

Bone and cartilage

Compact bone

Outer layer of bone is hard and dense and appears to be solid

The strong curving calcified beams that form the lattice of spongy bone

Trabeculae

What are the cavities between the the trabeculae filled with

Red or yellow bone marrow fill

What is the texture of the cancellous bone like

Hard because it is made up of beams of hard bone (not spongy or soft)

Where can cancellous/spongy bone be found in

The epiphyses of long bones

Structural unit of the compact bone

Organized into numerous structural units of osteons

Each circular and tube like osteon is composed of

Calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers that look like an onion

What does the Central canal (Haversian canal) contain

blood vessels and nerves

the central canals are connected to each other by

Transverse canals (Colman canals)

One type of bone cell

Osteocytes

Where do the osteocytes lie

Between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae

Connects the lacunae with one another and with the central canals in each patron

Tiny passageways called canaliculi

Has the flexibly of firm plastic

Cartilage

The fibers are embedded in a firm gel instead of a calcified substance

Cartilage

Cartilage cells

Chondrocytes

Where are chondrocytes and osteocytes located

Lacunae

Why do nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cells in cartilage

There are no blood vessels in cartilage

What do the cartilage lack

Nerves and blood vessels

When the skeleton begins to form in a baby before its birth, it consists of

Cartilage and fibrous structures shaped like bones (not actual bones tho)

The constant remodeling of bones require the help of cells like

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bone forming cells

Osteoblasts

Bone re-absorption cells

Osteoclasts

Allows bones to adapt to stress or injury

Continuous remodeling of the bones

Cartilage models are gradually replaced by classified bone matrix

Endochondral ossification

How many bones of the skeleton

206 bones

Growth ceases when..

When all epiphyseal cartilage is transformed into bone

Marks the locations where the two centers of ossification have fused together

The epiphyseal line

An area of cartilage that remains between the epiphyses and diaphysis as long as growth continues

Epiphyseal plate

Intramembranous ossification

Calcification of fibrous membranes

Soft spot on a newborn baby’s skull

Fontanels

Areas of fibrous membrane that have not yet fully ossified

Fontanels

The two major divisions of the human skeleton

Axial and appendicular skeleton

Spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones

Sinuses

Paranasal sinuses

Sinuses that have openings into the nose

Mastoiditis

Inflammation of the air sacs spaces within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone

the fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull. They're like seams that hold the skull together.

Sutures

Joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone

Lambdoidal suture

What fuse to form sutures before a baby is 2 years old

Fontanels

Resembles Greek letters upsilon (y or v)

Hyoid bone

Located in the neck and does not form a joint with any other bone of the skeleton

Hyoid bone

What are the different sections of the vertebral column

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal region

How many bones are in the axial skeleton

80 bones

What does the axial skeleton consist of

Skull, spine, thorax, and hyoid bone

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

126 bones

Inflammation of the air sac

Mastinitis

True ribs

1-7

False ribs

8-10

Floaters (ribs)

11-12

Elbow is connected to the

Ulna

How many phalanges on each hand

Long angle

Extension

Short angle

Flexion

What is common of the clavicle

Fractures

Skeleton generally larger

Male

Pelvis deep and narrow

Male

Pelvis broad and shallow

Female

When does the human skeleton reach its mature age

What is another name for joints

Articulations

What are the kind of joints

Diarthroses, synarthroses, amphiathroses

Free movement (joint)

Diarthroses

No movement (joint)

Synarthroses

Slight movement (joint

Amphiarthroses

Every bone except WHAT connects to at least one other bone

The hyoid

Example of Synarthroses

Sutures of skull

Spins one bone relative to another

Rotation

Moves the distal end of a bone in a circle, proximal end relatively stable

Circumductiom

What are the types of diarthrotic joints

Hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, E ball and socket, gliding

The first cervical vertebrae

Atlas

The second cervical vertebra

The axis

Where you have a superior articular surface for occipital condyle

C1 of your atlas

Who does osteoporosis mostly effect

Elderly white women

Outer covering of bone

Periosteum

Tiny passageways that connect lacunae

Canaliculi

Ring of bone

Concentric lamella

What is the presence of an epiphyseal plate is indicated as

A dark area in x-ray films

Lacrimal

Tear ducts

The shin bone

Tibia

The bone that runs along the lateral side of your forearm is the

Radius

The bones in the palm of the hand are called

Metacarpals

The heel bone is known as

Calcaneus

The mastoid process is part of the

Temporal bone

Which bone is on the medial side of the forearm

Ulna

What is the longest bone in the body

Femur

Distally what does the patella articulate with

The femur

The bones that form the cheekbones

Zygomatic

Five of these bones in children are fused into one in adulthood

Sacrum

Osteocytes and chondrocyte live in small spaces in the matrix called…

Lacunae

The thin layers of cartilage on the end of bones were they form joints is called the…

Articular cartilage

Other name for central canal

Haversian canal

Joint that allows for movement in only two direction (flexion and extension)

Hinge joints

Join that permits the widest range of movement but is less stable

Ball and socket joint

Chapter 7 Flashcards

(116 cards)