classical conditioning u3

Question 1

Stimulus

Answer 1

Anything that causes a reaction or response in an organism.
Ex: Taste, touch, smell, sound, sight.

Question 2

Response

Answer 2

The behavior or reaction caused by a stimulus.
Ex: A dog salivating when it sees food, or blinking when air is puffed into its eye.

Question 3

Acquisition

Answer 3

The initial learning stage when a response is first established and strengthened.
Ex: When Pavlov rings the bell (NS) and gives food (US) over and over, the dog learns to associate them.

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 4

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response—no learning required.
Ex: Food automatically causes a dog to salivate.

Question 5

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 5

The unlearned, natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
Ex: Salivating when seeing or smelling food.

Question 6

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 6

A stimulus that initially produces no response before learning takes place.
Ex: The sound of a bell before it’s ever paired with food.

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

A once neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, now triggers a learned response.
Ex: The bell, after it has been associated with food, now makes the dog salivate even without food present.

Question 8

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 8

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus.
Ex: The dog salivates when hearing the bell, even when no food is shown.

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

When a conditioned response fades because the stimulus is no longer reinforced.

Question 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 11

The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause.

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific one.

Question 13

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 13

A stimulus that satisfies a basic biological need
Ex: Food, water, or warmth given to an animal after it performs a desired behavior

Question 14

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 14

A learned reinforcer associated with a primary reinforcer
Ex: Money, grades, or praise — they have value because they’re linked to basic rewards like food or success