Cognition

Question 1

concept

Answer 1

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Chair = high chair, reclining chair
Emotion = anger, sadness, joy

simplify thinking

Question 2

cognition

Answer 2

mental activities associated with
* thinking,
* learning,
* knowing,
* remembering, and
* communicating info

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

personal mental image or best example of a concept
waterbottle - Stanley

closer something matches our prototype, easier recognized as a concept

Question 4

schemas

mental word web

Answer 4

concepts that allow us to interpret and manage unfamiliar info, like a stimulus/situation

Question 5

assimilation

Answer 5

taking in new info, but not changing the schema

Question 6

accommodation

Answer 6

taking in new info and changing the schema to incorporate new info

Question 7

algorithm

Answer 7

step by step procedures that guarentee a solution
take a longer time, but guarenteed

Question 8

heuristics

Answer 8

mental shortcuts that allows judge/solve problems quickly
* making judgements based on past experiences
more efficient but not as accurate as algos

Question 9

representativeness heuristic

Answer 9

estimating likelihood of something based on how well they represent, or match, particular prototypes

could cause ignorance of other info

Question 10

gambler’s fallacy

Answer 10

random event more likely to occur b/c a series of oppo events happened

flipping coin that lands heads 8 times u assume it’ll land on tails next

Question 11

sunk-cost fallacy

Answer 11

sticking to original plan b/c of time invested, even when switching could save time

Question 12

availability heuristic

Answer 12

estimating likelihood of events based on availability in memory
* the easier they come to mind, the more common we think they are

fear of planes b/c of 9/11

Question 13

mental set

Answer 13

tendency to approach a problem in one particular way b/c its successful before

studying for test one way b/c u got a 100 before

Question 14

framing

Answer 14

way issue is presented
* can affect decisions and judgements

10% of ppl die from surgery, 9/10 ppl die from surgery

Question 15

priming

Answer 15

exposure to one stimulus influences response to future stimulus

happens unconciously, impacts way you interpret

Question 16

executive functioning

Answer 16

allow individuals to generate, plan, and carry out goal directed behaviors/experience critical thinking

Question 17

creativity

Answer 17

ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Question 18

divergent thinking

Answer 18

ability to think in consider different options, think in creative ways

creative solutions to problems

Question 19

convergent thinking

Answer 19

narrowing available problem solution to determine single best solution

ability to choose the best solution

Question 20

functional fixedness

Answer 20

tendency to see objects working only one way

overcome with divergent thinking

Question 21

conformation bias

Answer 21

tendency to search for info that supports preconceptions and ignor info that distorts contradictory evidence

Question 22

overconfidence

Answer 22

tendency to be more confident than correct

overestimating accuracy of knowledge/judgements
remaining confident despite mistakes