Development

Question 1

Assimilation

Answer 1

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Question 2

Accommodation

Answer 2

adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information.

Question 3

Monosygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins

Answer 3

Identical- develop from a single fertilized egg, most closely related human pairs
Fraternal- develop from two eggs, are like regular siblings, but they share the same womb

Question 4

Behavior genetics: twin and adoption studies

Answer 4

Identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins in many ways
Personality traits, behaviors/outcomes, abilities
Even raised apart they are still similar
Adopted children are more similar to their genetic relatives, but some impact with parenting

Question 5

Visual preferences in newborns

Answer 5

Infants will look at things longer that is novel or interesting
more time looking at patterns than solids, spend the most time looking at a human face, looked more intensely at proper face

Question 6

Mark Johnson’s Theory of Face Recognition Abilities

Answer 6

Subcortical system- sketchy knowledge of what a face should look like (innate)
Cortical system- can learn about faces

Question 7

Abilities of infants shown in looking time studies

Answer 7

Infants look longer at objects that seem to violate physical laws than those that do not

Question 8

Piaget

Answer 8

Stages of Development- each stage is qualitatively different from others, ages for stage transitions are approximate
Cognitive structures and abilities
Adaptation

Question 9

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 9

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Question 10

Object permanence

Answer 10

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Question 11

Preoperational stage

Answer 11

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Question 12

Egocentricism

Answer 12

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Question 13

Concrete operational stage

Answer 13

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Question 14

Conservation

Answer 14

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Question 15

Formal operational stage

Answer 15

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (usually beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Question 16

Stranger anxiety

Answer 16

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 6 months of age, peaks at about 1 year of age then declines

Question 17

Attachment

Answer 17

an emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation.

Question 18

Harlow’s studies of attachment in monkeys

Answer 18

tested primary drives theory in phesus monkeys
2 surrogate mothers- a wire surrogate, and a cloth surrogate
Showed that contact comfort is more important

Question 19

Imprinting

Answer 19

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

Question 20

Strange situation test

Answer 20

done by Mary Ainsworth
-mother and child observed in a playroom
-initial mother-child interaction, mother leaves infant alone, friendly stranger enters, mother returns and greets child, see how child reacts to stanger and how they ract when mom returns

Question 21

Separation anxiety

Answer 21

a fear reaction when the primary caregiver is absent, seen across all cultures, corresponds with development of object permanence

Question 22

Secure vs. insecure attachment

Answer 22

Secure- a parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion
Insecure- two types
Resistant- baby clings to the parent, cries at separation and reacts with anger at reunion
Avoidant- doesn’t care if mom leaves, doesn’t react when she returns

Question 23

Delay of gratification

Answer 23

ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward

Question 24

Early maturing boys vs. late maturing

Answer 24

Early- more attractive to girls and to adults, taller and stronger, better in sports, happier more confident, do better in school
Late- less good at sports, teased by peers, self-conscious about size and manliness

Question 25

Early maturing girls

Answer 25

Early- are initially more self-conscious, receive early sexual advances, ultimately end up shorter and heavier than late maturers

Question 26

Adolescence

Answer 26

the transition period from childhood to young adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Question 27

Imaginary Audience

Answer 27

strong focus on self leads adolescents to feel that everyone else is focused on them as well

Question 28

Personal fable

Answer 28

adolescents assume their thoughts and feelings are unique

Question 29

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning

Answer 29

resolving ethical dilemmas presents subject with dilemma, asked to reason it out found 3 stages of moral reasoning (with substages for a total of 6) big changes in adolescence

Question 30

Preconventional level

Answer 30

Stage 1- punishment avoidance is right Stage 2- whatever benefits the individual is right

Question 31

Conventional level

Answer 31

Stage 3- behavior that pleases others is right Stage 4- authorities and rules determine what's right

Question 32

Post-Conventional level

Answer 32

Stage 5- protecting both society and the individual is right Stage 6- universal principles determine right (small number of people reach this stage)

Question 33

Conflicts between parents and teens

Answer 33

chores, interpersonal relations, regulating activities, personality characteristics, homework, etc

Question 34

Erikson's stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 34

Infancy- trust vs mistrust Toddler- autonomy vs shame Preschooler- initiative vs guilt Elementary- competence vs inferiority Adolescence- identity vs role confusion Young Adult- intimacy vs isolation Middle adult- generativity vs stagnation Late adult- integrity vs despair

Question 35

Effects of Aging

Answer 35

vision goes down, smell goes down, hearing goes down, slowed reactions, an increase in dementia, and recall becomes worse