Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Question 2

Psychodynamic theories

Answer 2

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences.

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, and dreams — and the analyst’s interpretations of them — released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

Question 4

Pleasure principle

Answer 4

governs the id, demanding immediate gratification.

Question 5

Reality principle

Answer 5

governs the ego, does what is feasible

Question 6

Freudian slips

Answer 6

when you say one thing but mean another

Question 7

Dream analysis

Answer 7

another way ego lets off steam by expressing unacceptable wishes in the form of dreams
Manifest content- conscious content, literal meaning
Latent Content- unconscious figurative meaning

Question 8

Id

Answer 8

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Question 9

Ego

Answer 9

the partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Question 10

Superego

Answer 10

the partly conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

superordinate goals

Question 11

Psychosexual stages

Answer 11

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Oral- pleasure centers on mouth
Anal- pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
Phallic- pleasure zone is in the genitals
Latency- a phase of dormant sexual feelings
Genital- maturation of sexual interests

Question 12

Oedipus complex

Answer 12

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Question 13

Fixation

Answer 13

in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Question 14

Defense mechanisms

Answer 14

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Question 15

Repression

Answer 15

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 16

Denial

Answer 16

refusing to accept that a feeling is present or that an event occured

Question 17

Projection

Answer 17

involves attributing one’s own thoughts and feelings or motives to another person

Question 18

Reaction Formation

Answer 18

involves behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

Question 19

Rationalization

Answer 19

involves the creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

Question 20

Regression

Answer 20

involves a reversion to immature patterns of behavior

Question 21

Displacement

Answer 21

involves diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target

Question 22

Humanistic theories

Answer 22

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

Question 23

Real vs. ideal self

Answer 23

Real self- your beliefs/ perceptions of what you are really like
Ideal self- your beliefs/ perceptions of what you would ideally like to be

Question 24

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 24

a caring, accepting, and nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
when affection is given independent of the persons behavior

Question 25

Conditional positive regard

Answer 25

when affection is dependent or conditional on behavior

Question 26

Self-actualization

Answer 26

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Question 27

Personality trait

Answer 27

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Question 28

Big Five Factors

Answer 28

researchers identified five factors — openness- flexibility, nonconformity, variety conscientiousness- self-sicipline, careful, pursuit of delayed goods extraversion- drawing energy from others, sociability agreeableness- helpful, trusting, friendliness neuroticism- anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability

Question 29

Consistency of personality traits

Answer 29

traits appear to be stable over time

Question 30

Heritability of personality traits

Answer 30

depends on which trait you look at Openness is the highest and agreeableness is the lowest

Question 31

Self-esteem

Answer 31

our feelings of high or low self-worth.

Question 32

Self-efficacy

Answer 32

our sense of competence and effectiveness.

Question 33

Locus of control

Answer 33

External locus of control- perception that chance or outside forces determine one's fate Internal locus of control- perception that one controls one's own destiny