digestion

Question 1

digestion occurs in duodenum and jejunum, 2 phases

Answer 1

luminal, membranous

Question 2

Pancreas

Answer 2

member of 2 bodily systems- endocrine and digestive

Question 3

endocrine functions of the pancreaus

Answer 3

making and releasing insulin and glucagon (hormones)

Question 4

digestive functions of the pancreas

Answer 4

making and releasing digestive enzymes into the small intestine
-starches, fats, protiens

Question 5

liver

Answer 5

makes bile to emulsify fats
stores the bile in gall bladder
intestines recongize when digesta contains lipids and stimulates the gall bladder to release bile

Question 6

horses dont have a gall baldder

Answer 6

they continusly release small amounts of bile directly into the small intestine

Question 7

luminal digestion

Answer 7

uses enzymes made by the pancreas and bile made by the liver
breaks long chains into short chains

Question 8

membranous digestion

Answer 8

may be called “brush border digestion”
breaks short chains into monomers
uses enzymes made by the small intestine

Question 9

microbial digeston

Answer 9

used to digest cellulose and other fiber
microbes do the digesting- fermentation-forestomach of ruminants, large intestine and cecum of hindgut fermenter, omnivores, carnivores

Question 10

microbes digest the feed first and their metabolic by product is used for what

Answer 10

energy

Question 11

parts of the microbes

Answer 11

bacteria- 60%
protozoa
fungi

Question 12

anaerobic fermentation-

Answer 12

no oxygen

Question 13

volatile fatty acids (VFA) result

Answer 13

acetate- 2-carbon chain
propionate: 3-carbon chain
butyrate: 4-carbon chain

Question 14

VFAs may be used to make ________ or make _______ in the liver

Answer 14

ATP, glucose

Question 15

glucose can then be used to make_______

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

starch digestion may begin in ______ for omnivores

Answer 16

mouth

Question 17

most starches and sugars digested in __________________

Answer 17

small intestine

Question 18

protien digestion begins in the _______ and completes in the _________

Answer 18

stomach, small intestine

Question 19

digestion of lipids

Answer 19

more complex than starches, sugars or proteins
lipids are larger molecules and are nonpolar- they will not easily mix with the digesta

Question 20

lipid digestion and absorption steps

Answer 20

1. Emulsificatio
   2.Hydrolysis
2. Micelle Formation
3. absorption
4. reassembly

Question 21

Emulsification

Answer 21

fats are warmed and mixed with bile salts

Question 22

hydrolysis

Answer 22

lipase break triglyceride into 2 free fatty acids (FFA) and a monoglyceride

Question 23

Micelle Formation

Answer 23

phospholipids make a transport vesicle

Question 24

absorption

Answer 24

micelle enters the intestinal cells

Question 25

reassembly

Answer 25

monoglyceride and FFAs reassemble into triglycerides and form chylomicrons to enter the lymphatic system

Question 26

ruminants ruminate

Answer 26

regurgitate- re-masticate- re-swallow chewing cud necessary part of ruminant digestion

Question 27

microbial digestion in forestomach

Answer 27

Rumen and reticulum are major sites of microbial fermentation

Question 28

ruminants produce a lot of saliva

Answer 28

buffer the acidic rumen to keep microbes in the adequate proportions saliva contains bicarbonate

Question 29

Carbohydrate digestion in ruminants

Answer 29

amylolytic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria

Question 30

amylolytic bacteria

Answer 30

digested starch and sugar prefer to live in lower pH digest quickly reproduce quickly produce propionate

Question 31

cellulolytic bacteria

Answer 31

digest fiber prefer higher pH (6.5) digest slowly reproduce slowly produce acetate

Question 32

diet ultimately affects the proportion of VFAs produced

Answer 32

high forage diet- lots of acetate high grain diet- lots of propionate`

Question 33

VFAs can be used directly for energy or can support ________________

Answer 33

gluconeogenesis

Question 34

gluconeogenesis

Answer 34

making glucose in the liver

Question 35

microbes use the protien from feeds for

Answer 35

growth, replication, structure, function

Question 36

microbes also use nitrogen from non-protein sources

Answer 36

urea, nitrates, ammonium non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

Question 37

microbes become protien

Answer 37

microbes colonize feed particles-- feed particles end up in the abomasum and small intestine-- microbes digested

Question 38

microbes now a protein source for the ruminant animal

Answer 38

microbial protein most important source of protein for ruminants

Question 39

some protein in the rumen will not be digested by microbes and are digested in the abomasum/SI

Answer 39

by pass protein/rumen undegraded protein