Genetics 1

Question 1

The genetic code

Answer 1

DNA is the instruction manual for protein synthesis

Question 2

Genetics can influence:

Answer 2

Health, productivity, behavior

Question 3

Genetics-

Answer 3

How traits are passed down, heritable characteristics

Question 4

A goal of animal breeding is to improve something

Answer 4

-Production, conformation, efficiency
-Can also help conserve breeds

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

the process of copying a segment of DNA into a complementary strand of RNA, specifically messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 6

Translation

Answer 6

the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.

Question 7

Gene

Answer 7

segment of dna that codes for a specific protein
-regulation
-structure
-pigmentation (ex. Coat color)
-digestion

Question 8

Gene expression is when

Answer 8

the proteins are synthesized

Question 9

The 4 Nucleotide bases

Answer 9

adenine, thymine, cytosine, glycine

Question 10

Genes can be expressed

Answer 10

-constitutively- all the time
-locally- only in a particular tissue
-only in utero- while fetus is developing'’

Question 11

Non-coding regions of the dna are usually….

Answer 11

regulatory

Question 12

Location of a gene on a chromosome

Answer 12

Loci or locus

Question 13

Chromatin is made of

Answer 13

a strand of dna and histones

Question 14

dna can coil around a

Answer 14

histone

Question 15

__________

Answer 15

will supercoil into the x shaped structures we call chromosomes

Question 16

Diploid Cells

Answer 16

2 copies of each chromosome (2n)
somatic cells

Question 17

Haploid Cells

Answer 17

1 copy of each chromosome
gametes

Question 18

somatic cells

Answer 18

any cells in the body that are not involved in reproduction

Question 19

Gametes

Answer 19

reproductive cell

Question 20

Autosomes

Answer 20

non sex chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
found in pairs with identical banding patterns

Question 21

sex chromomsomes

Answer 21

determine the sex of the animal
xy and zw
not homologous

Question 22

karyotype

Answer 22

-visual arrangement of chromosomes in their pairs
-determined by matching stains and banding patterns
-can be used to determine chromosomal abnormalities (ex. Extra set or extra chromosomal, ex down syndrome)

Question 23

The genome

Answer 23

-complete set of DNA for a species as a sequence of nucleotide bases
-usually broken down into chromosomes

Question 24

Human genome was sequenced in

Answer 24

2003

Question 25

mitochondrial DNA

Answer 25

-have circular chromosomes that code for mRNA, tRNA, and enzymes -indicative of evolutionary symbiosis (living together) -only inherited from female parent -can use mitochondrial DNA to trace maternal line

Question 26

Gregor Mendel

Answer 26

-The father of modern genetics -stuided pea plants -looked for height, flower color, pea color, wrinkled or smooth? -concluded that one “factor: came from each parent plant and one “factor” masked the other (dominant and recessive genes)

Question 27

Mendelian Genetics

Answer 27

-many traits are simply inherited and have only 2 versions of a gene -

Question 28

Allele

Answer 28

different versions of the same gene can be dominant or recessive -alleles are notated by upper-and lowercase letters ex. coat color, B for black

Question 29

Complete dominance

Answer 29

-one copy of dominant allele is enough to show the dominant trait -dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele -2 copies of the recessive allele are needed to see the recessive trait -recessive is only seen in the homozygous recessive genotype, genotype 1:2:1, phenotype ratio 3:1

Question 30

Codominance

Answer 30

-both alleles traits can be seen -homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive individuals will all look different -each alleles receives its own letter -in heterozygous individuals,both characteristics are seen -neither allele masks the other -alleles mix, ex. Red bull, white cow, roan calf - genotype ratio 1:2:1, phenotype ratio 1:2:1

Question 31

Partial Domincance

Answer 31

-a blending of traits occur -homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive animals all look different -alleles are notated by super scrit -the resulting phenotype is a blending of traits -ex. Chestnut stud, palomino mare, cremello foal - phenotype ratio: 1:2:1, phenotype ratio 1:2:1

Question 32

Qualitative traits

Answer 32

categorical not influenced by environment controlled by one or a few genes predictable ex. coat color

Question 33

Quantitative traits

Answer 33

measurable controlled by many genes influenced by environment difficult to select for economically valuable ex. milk weight