GIT Anatomy

Question 1

Types of digestion

Answer 1

mechanical
chemical
microbial

Question 2

mechanical digestion

Answer 2

physical breakdown of feed, ex chewing

Question 3

chemical digestion

Answer 3

enzymes break down feed into an absorbable molecules

Question 4

microbial digestion

Answer 4

microbes digest the feed, aka fermentation

Question 5

GIT Flow

Answer 5

Mouth-pharynx-esophagus- stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum-anus

Question 6

Mouth aka oral cavity

Answer 6

-start of digestion
-mechinal
-chemical (pigs and humans only)

Question 7

structures of the mouth

Answer 7

-teeth, tongue, lips, salivary glands

Question 8

teeth types and functions

Answer 8

function based on shape and
location
-incisors- bite off food (scissor to cut)
-canine- killing or piercing
-premolars and molars- grinding

Question 9

Deciduous teeth

Answer 9

baby teeth/milk teeth that will fall out

Question 10

permanent teeth

Answer 10

-grow in after deciduous teeth fall out

Question 11

brachydont teeth

Answer 11

low crown teeth, humans, cats, dogs

Question 12

hypsodont teeth, and the 2 types

Answer 12

high crown teeth
-Radicular- continuously erupting from gumline (horses)
- Aradicular- continuously growing (rodents)

Question 13

Functions of the toungue

Answer 13

-Prehension- getting food into mouth
-Mastication- chewing
-grooming
-taste
-initiates swallowing

Question 14

Salivary Glands function

Answer 14

produce fluid to lubricate ingested feed

Question 15

Saliva

Answer 15

-may be thin or thick (viscous)
-contain mucus
-may contain enzymes
-may contain sodium bicarbonate

Question 16

what makes a majority of the saliva

Answer 16

Parotid gland

Question 17

Pharynx

Answer 17

-function: divert air or feed to the correct tube
-where respiratory system and digestive system meet
-”lobby”

Question 18

what covers the trachea when swallowing

Answer 18

epiglottis

Question 19

Esophagus

Answer 19

-Muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach

Question 20

peristalsis

Answer 20

-Swallowing is done through this rhythmic muscle contractions to move a bolus (rounded mass of food) further down a tube

Question 21

antiperistalsis

Answer 21

backwards muscle waves for vomiting/regurgitation

Question 22

Stomach

Answer 22

-chemical and/or mechanical digestion
-muscular

Question 23

simple stomach

Answer 23

one chamber, ex humans, dogs, cats, horses

Question 24

complex stomachs

Answer 24

multiple chambers
-ruminants- cattle, sheep, goats
-pseudoruminants- alpacas, llamas, camels

Question 25

Glandular stomach

Answer 25

-Able to secret: HCI, Enzymes, Mucus -protected by mucus -mostly carnivorous stomachs

Question 26

Non- Glandular stomachs

Answer 26

-Unable to secret anything -vulnerable to ulceration (ulcers) -found in horses above the Margo plicatus

Question 27

Ruminant Stomach

Answer 27

Complex with multiple chambers

Question 28

Rumen

Answer 28

first camber in ruminant stomach, shag carpeting, microbial digestion, non glandular

Question 29

reticulum

Answer 29

second chamber in ruminant stomach, honeycomb, microbial digestion, size of a basketball, non glandular

Question 30

omasum

Answer 30

third chamber in ruminant stomach, lots of folds, the “book”, non glandular

Question 31

abomasum

Answer 31

fourth camber in ruminant stomach, true gastric compartment, acts like a simple stomach, glandular

Question 32

function of small intestine

Answer 32

Enteric portion of GIT Digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 33

3 sections of small intestines

Answer 33

-duodenum- digestion -jejunum- digestion and absorption -lleum- absorption

Question 34

length of small intestines in horses, humans and cattle

Answer 34

Horses 70 ft, humans 15 ft, cattle 150 ft

Question 35

Layers of Intestine, Lumen

Answer 35

the center of the tube, “hole in a straw”

Question 36

Layers of Intestine, mucosa

Answer 36

made of cells that can secrete and absorb

Question 37

Layers of Intestine, submucosa

Answer 37

connective tissue that holds mucosa to the muscle layer

Question 38

Layers of Intestine, smooth muscle

Answer 38

double layer responsible for moving digesta down the tract

Question 39

Intestinal lining

Answer 39

-specialized surfaces allow for increased surface area in the intestines

Question 40

With intestinal folds, villi, and microvilli, the surface area of the intestines increased _______ to _________ times

Answer 40

60-120 times

Question 41

Large Intestine parts, Secum

Answer 41

-blind ended pouch (no exit) -site of microbial digestion -differs in size based on diet of animal -small in carnivores and omnivores -moderate in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) -large in hind-gut fermenters (horses, rabbits) -breaks down plants

Question 42

Large Intestine parts, Colon

Answer 42

-differrent in arrangements in different species -site of microbial digestion -water reabsorption There is an ascending and descending colon

Question 43

Shapes of the Colon

Answer 43

Ruminant flat spiral pigs cone spiral carnivore “U” shaped Horses: hindgut fermenters- colon is extensive, Separated into dorsal (towards spine) and ventral (towards bottom) colon

Question 44

Horses are what?

Answer 44

hindgut fermenters- colon is extensive, Separated into dorsal (towards spine) and ventral (towards bottom) colon

Question 45

Anus

Answer 45

-lined with mucus -surrounded by a sphincter under conscious control (they control when they defecate)