A Level Biology LbL > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protist

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2
Q

What are the two types of bacteria?

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative

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3
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria look under a microscope?

A

Blue/purple.

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4
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria look under a microscope?

A

Red

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5
Q

What are gram positive bacteria stained with under a light microscope?

A

Crystal Violet

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6
Q

What are gram negative bacteria stained with under a light microscope?

A

Safranin

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7
Q

Name one example of a gram positive bacteria.

A

MRSA.

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8
Q

Name one example of a gram negative bacteria.

A

E - Coli

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9
Q

What are the four shapes that a bacteria can have?

A

Cocci
Vibrios
Bacilli
Spirilli

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10
Q

What is the shape of a cocci bacteria?

A

Spherical.

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11
Q

What is a special feature of cocci bacteria and how does this help them survive?

A

Low SA:V
Survive dryer climates.

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12
Q

What is the shape of a vibrio bacteria?

A

Curved.

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13
Q

What is a special feature of vibrio bacteria and how does this help them survive?

A

Large SA:V
Helps them gain nutrients from dilute solutions.

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14
Q

What is the shape of a bacilli bacteria?

A

Rod shaped.

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15
Q

What is a special feature of bacilli bacteria and how does this help them survive?

A

Large SA:V.
To get nutrients from dilute solutions.

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16
Q

What is the shape of a spirilli bacteria?

A

Spiral

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17
Q

What is a special feature of spirilli bacteria and how does this help them survive? (hint: movement)

A

Move in a corkscrew motion so meet less resistance.

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18
Q

What are two problems with bacteria reproducing quickly?

A

Food spoilage.
Spread of disease.

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19
Q

How do bacteria’s cause disease? (3)

A
  1. Antigens on bacteria produce toxins.
  2. Cause symptoms through cell damage.
  3. Damages cell membranes, enzymes and genetic material.
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20
Q

What on the bacteria’s surface produce toxins?

A

Antigens.

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21
Q

What do antigens on the surface of bacteria make?

A

Toxins

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22
Q

What do toxins from bacteria damage?

A

Cell membranes.
Enzymes.
Genetic Material.

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23
Q

What are the three bacterial diseases that are required for the OCR A spec?

A

Tuberculosis (TB)
Bacterial Meningitis.
Ring Rot

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24
Q

What is TB caused by?

A

Mycobacterium TB.

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25
What is bacterial meningitis caused by?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
26
What is ring rot caused by?
Clavibacter michiganensis
27
Give three effects of TB.
Persistent cough. Infection of lungs. Can cause tissue damage.
28
How is TB spread?
Airborne droplets from infected people. (sneezing, coughing etc)
29
Give three symptoms of bacterial meningitis.
Severe headache Neck stiffness Fever
30
How is bacterial meningitis spread?
Respiratory droplets from infected people
31
What are three effects of ring rot?
Damage to vascular tissue in plants. Wilting Leaf margin yellowing
32
Give four features of the structure of bacteriophages.(type of virus)
Injection tube. Protein coat. Loose genetic material. Tail plate.
33
How do bacteriophages invade living cells? (4)
First the virus attaches to a specific host cell. The genetic material of the virus is then injected into the host. The genes are then expressed so the cells make new viruses. The host cell then splits open which releases the new virus.
34
Summarise how bacteriophages invade living cells in one sentence.
Virus attaches to host cell and injects genetic material so the cell makes new viruses and the virus is released when the cell splits open.
35
Give 4 structural features of a retro virus.
Glycoprotein spike. Capsid Matrix Envelope (phospholipid bilayer)
36
(RETROVIRUS REPLICATION) When a cell is infected with a virus what happens in it's transcription stage?
The viral RNA is synthesized by the host cell.
37
(RETROVIRUS REPLICATION) What happens after transcription in a viral infected host cell?
Virus genetic information is in the host DNA so the host cell creates complementary DNA from the virus RNA.
38
How does retrovirus replication work? (4)
Viral RNA synthesised by host cell. Virus genetic info in host. Creates complementary DNA from virus RNA. Host cell makes new viruses.
39
Give two differences between retrovirus (replication of a virus in a host cell) and DNA replication.
Reverse transcriptase used. Single stranded RNA instead of DNA.
40
Can HIV/AIDS mutate?
Yes
41
What cells do HIV/AIDS target?
CD+4 T helper lymphocytes.
42
What does HIV/AIDS do?
Destroy the immune system.
43
Give three symptoms of influenza.
Fever Aches Cough
44
What type of genetic material is TMV?
Single stranded RNA.
45
What is the symptom of TMV?
Mosaic like mattling.
46
What protein coat does TMV have?
A helical capsid.
47
What are the three viral diseases that are required for the OCR A spec?
HIV/AIDS TMV Influenza
48
How does yeast reproduce?
Budding
49
Give 4 features of a fungi cell.
Cell wall Nucleus Plasma membrane Vacuole
50
What are the three fungal diseases that are required for the OCR A spec?
Cattle ringworm Athlete's foot Black sigatoka
51
What is the shape of cattle ringworm?
Lesion shape.
52
Give two symptoms of cattle ringworm.
Hair loss Itching
53
Give three symptoms of athletes foot.
Blisters Odour Itching/burning
54
What does black sigatoka cause and what does this mean for the plant?
Black lesions on leaves. So reduced photosynthesis so lower crop yield.
55
What are the two protoctista diseases required for the OCR A spec?
Malaria Blight in potatoes/tomatoes.
56
In what conditions is blight most common in potatoes/tomatoes most common?
Warm, wet conditions.
57
What does blight lead to in potatoes and tomatoes?
Rotting and collapse.
58
Give three symptoms of malaria.
High fever Chills. Flu-like illness.
59
What are the three types of direct transmission between animals?
Direct Contact Inoculation Ingestion
60
Give three examples of how direct contact can cause disease transmission.
Contact with bodily fluids. Skin to skin Microbes from faeces
61
Give four examples of how inoculation can cause disease transmission.
Break in skin Animal bite Puncture wound Sharing needles
62
Give two examples of how ingestion can cause disease transmission.
Contaminated food/drink. Transferring pathogens from hand to mouth.
63
What are the three types of indirect disease transmission between animals?
Fomites Droplet infection Vectors.
64
Give three examples of how fomites can cause infection.
Bedding Socks Cosmetics Any inanimate object
65
Give an example of how droplet infections can cause infection.
Saliva/mucus as you talk/sneeze which others may breathe in.
66
Give an example of how vectors can cause infection.
Transmit disease from one host to another.
67
Name 4 factors that can increase the transmission of communicable diseases in animals.
Climate Change Overcrowded Wealth Poor disposal of waste
68
How is skin a defense to pathogens?
Acts as a physical barrier.
69
How is mucus a defense to pathogens?
Mucus traps pathogens.
70
How is cillia a defense to pathogens?
Cillia moves mucus out the respiratory tract.
71
How are lysozymes a defense to pathogens?
Breaks down bacterial cell walls.
72
How does stomach acid act as a defense to pathogens?
Destroys pathogens.
73
Where can lysosomes be found in the body?
Eyes Saliva
74
What does the skin contain that makes it a barrier to pathogens?
Sebum oil
75
Name 6 primary non specific defences in animals.
Skin Blood clotting Wound repair Inflammation Expulsive reflexes Mucous membranes
76
How does blood clotting work? (3)
Platelets release substances, which results in the formation of fibrin, which forms a network to trap platelets and forms a clot.
77
How does wound repair work? (3)
Blood clots to form **scab.** Platelets stimulate **mitosis and tissue regeneration.** So reseals the **physical barrier.**
78
What do mast cells in damaged tissues release?
Histamines and cytokines.
79
What does histamine do in blood vessels?
Makes them dilate and 'leaky' causing localized heat, redness and swelling which prevents pathogens from reproducing.
80
Why is histamine causing localised heat and swelling important as a defense?
Prevents pathogens from reproducing.
81
What is another effect of histamine causing vasodilation?
More phagocytes are able reach the site to destroy pathogens.
82
What is an expulsive reflex?
Something that physically removes pathogens.
83
Give two examples of an expulsive reflex.
Sneezing Vomiting
84
What are mucous membranes?
Line entry points and secrete mucus to trap pathogens.
85
What are the two types of phagocytes?
Neutrophils Macrophages
86
What type of nucleus does a neutrophil have?
Lobed nucleus
87
How long does a neutrophil take to engulf and destroy a pathogen?
10 mins.
88
Can neutrophils get through pores in the capillaries?
Yes
89
Can neutrophils change shape?
Yes
90
What type of nucleus does a macrophage have?
Round nucleus
91
What happens to the macrophage once the pathogen is destroyed?
It's antigens combine with glycoproteins in the cytoplasm.
92
Once the macrophages antigens have combined with a glycoprotein what happens?
Antigen is taken to the CSM which stimulates a specific response.
93
What does a phagocyte do when a bacteria invades?
Recognizes the antigens on the bacterium as foreign.
94
Once the phagocyte has recognized the bacterial antigens what does it do?
Plasma membrane of the phagocyte fuses around the bacterium, engulfing it into a vesicle called a phagosome.
95
What happens once a phagosome has been created?
Lysosome fuses with the vacuole and empties it's digestive enzymes to digest/hydrolyze the microorganism.
96
What happens once the microorganism is hydrolyzed in phagocytosis?
Useful products are taken into the cytoplasm by diffusion/active transport. Waste products undergo exocytosis.
97
What is humoral immunity?
Fights pathogens in body fluids, not inside cells.
98
What is the humoral response?
Where specific antibodies are made to the pathogen's antigens.
99
What is clonal selection?
Where the correct antibodies are selected for cloning.
100
What happens to B lymphocytes in bone marrow?
Mature and differentiate.
101
Where do B lymphocytes mature and differentiate?
Bone marrow.
102
What happens to B cells once they are activated in the bone marrow?
Clonal expansion to make plasma cells and memory B cells.
103
What is the function of the plasma cells?
Produce antibodies complementary to the antigen.
104
How long are the plasma cells present for in the bloodstream?
Few days when there is still an active infection.
105
What do memory B cells do?
Remain in lymph nodes to respond rapidly if the same pathogen enters again.
106
What are the four types of T lymphocytes?
Killer T cells Helper T cells Memory T cells Regulator T cells
107
How do t killer cells operate? (4)
Identify antigens Bind to cell Release perforins Makes gaps in cell membranes.
108
Give a function of helper t cells.
Secrete cytokines to activate other T and B cells.
109
Give a function of memory t cells.
Remain in lymph nodes to respond rapidly if the same pathogen invades again.
110
Give a function of regulator t cells.
Slow down and stop immune reaction after about a week.
111
What is an antigen?
Protein on the surface of a pathogen.
112
What is an antibody?
Protein made by a B lymphocyte in response to an antigen.
113
What are the three types of antibodies?
Opsonin's Agglutin's Anti toxins
114
What is the function of opsonins?
They tag pathogens so phagocytes can recognise and bind to them more easily.
115
What is the function of agglutinins?
Cause pathogens to clump together.
116
Why are agglutinins important for the removal of pathogens?
Ensures the pathogens can't spread so they are easier to engulf.
117
What is the function of anti - toxins?
Bind and neutralize toxins.
118
What is the function of the variable region on the antibody structure?
Different shape on each antibody where only specific antigens can bind to it.
119
What is the function of the hinge region on the antibody structure?
Allows flexibility.
120
What is the function of the constant region on the antibody structure?
Same in all antibodies, has a site where it can bind to the immune system.
121
How many binding sites to antibodies have?
2
122
Why is antibodies having 2 binding sites useful?
So can bind to more than one pathogen at a time to agglutinate (clump) them.
123
What is active natural immunity?
You become infected naturally with a pathogen.
124
What is a positive of active natural immunity?
Long lasting
125
What is active artificial immunity?
Given a vaccine containing antigens.
126
What is a positive of active artificial immunity?
Long lasting.
127
What is natural passive immunity?
Antibodies passed from mother to baby through placenta or breast milk.
128
What is a negative of passive natural immunity?
Short lasting
129
What is passive artificial immunity?
Injected with antibodies for immediate affect.
130
What is a negative of passive artificial immunity?
Short lasting.
131
Give four differences between active and passive immunity.
Active Exposure to anitgen Takes time for protection Long term Memory Cells Passive Only exposure to antibodies. Immediate protection. Short term No memory cells.
132
What is an autoimmune disease?
When an organs immune system is unable to recognise it's own cells and launches an immune response on the organisims own tissues.
133
What is the autoimmune disease required for the OCR A spec?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
134
What does the immune system do when a person has arthritis?
Immune system attacks joints.
135
What are the symptoms of arthiritis?
Inflammation Swelling Pain Can damage joint.
136
What is the definition of a vaccine?
Dead pathogen or antibodies given to prevent a disease by simulating an immune response.
137
What is the definition of immunisation?
When someone is protected against a certain disease.
138
What is the definition of an epidemic?
Rapid increase in the number of cases.
139
What is the definition of a pandemic?
When a large number of a population gets infected with the same disease across continents.
140
What is the definition of antigenic variability?
Antigens of the same pathogen are constantly changing and each antigen causes it's own immune response.
141
Name 6 drugs for the OCR A spec.
Penicillin Docetaxel Aspirin Prialt Vancomycis Digoxin
142
What is the source of penicillin?
Mould growing on melons
143
What is the source of docetaxel?
Yew trees
144
What is the source of aspirin?
Willow Bark
145
What is the source of prialt?
Cone snail venom
146
What is the source of vancomycis?
Soil fungus.
147
What is the source of digoxin?
Foxgloves.
148
What is the action of penicillin?
Antibiotic
149
What is the action of docetaxel?
Treatment for breast cancer.
150
What is the action of aspirin?
Painkiller
151
What is the action of prialt?
Very powerful painkiller.
152
What is the action of vancomycis?
Very powerful antibiotic.
153
What is the action of digoxin?
Treats AF and heart failure.
154
Why is pharmogenetics useful?
Tests peoples genomes so you know whether a drug will work or not.
155
Why is synthetic biology useful?
GMO to produce drugs, useful molecules and enzymes. Bacteria cells built from scratch.
156
What is an antiseptic?
Kills pathogen outside the body.
157
What is an antibiotic?
Kills bacteria inside the body.
158
What are three causes of antibiotic resistance?
Overdose Not finishing a course. Taking when you don't need them.
159
What is a way of preventing antibiotic resistance?
Only prescribe when necessary.
160
How does antibiotic resistance come about? (5)
1. Mutation. 2. Non resistant bacteria die. 3. Resistant bacteria survive. 4. Resistant bacteria reproduce so alleles pass on. 5. Whole population becomes resistant.
161
What are the benefits of using antibiotics to manage bacterial infection?
Kills bacteria which may cause harm in the body.
162
Apart from antibiotic resistance what is a risk of using antibiotics?
C diifficile bacteria Present in gut but outcompeted by other bacteria. Antibiotics will kill bacteria so C diff will thrive and release toxins causing diarrhoea and fever.
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