Disorders

Question 1

Persistent depressive disorder, a.k.a. dysthymia (6)

Answer 1

Mild but chronic form of depression.

Two of the following must be present

Poor appetite or over eating

Insomnia

Low energy or fatigue

Self-esteem

Poor concentration

Feelings of hopelessness

For adults – must be present most days over period of two years for diagnosis. For kids or teens one year. symptoms cannot have been absent for longer than a two month period over that one or two years.

Question 2

Separation anxiety - kids/teens (6)

Answer 2

Child becomes anxious, fearful about being separated – or possibility of being separated from certain attachment figures.

Persistent, lasting four weeks

Clingy
Tantrum at prospect of being away from attachment figures

Physical symptoms – headaches, stomach aches, vomiting, etc. – due to worry about separation from attachment figure

Unable to sleep alone
Worry about parents being harmed
Resist going to school

Look out! Above behavior is normal for kids, age 8 to 15 months

Question 3

Separation anxiety – adults (3)

Answer 3

Persistent, lasting six months

Fear of being alone
Difficulty separating from children or partner
Fear of loved ones being harmed

Question 4

Cluster A: schizotypal personality disorder (7)

Answer 4

Someone who lacks close relationships with others and can have social anxiety due to paranoid thoughts of others

These folks are considered “odd”-speech, thinking behavior all seem out of the norm

These folks may be superstitious – have magical thinking

They might think they have powers to predict the future telepathy sixth sense, etc.

Struggle to stay on topic

Overall symptoms may be similar to schizophrenia – but less intense

Typically not diagnosed before age 18

Question 5

Adjustment disorder

Answer 5

This is a trauma disorder!

Emotional or behavioral response to highly stressful life event

Examples of triggers: break up, death in the family, loss of job, natural, disaster, illness, etc.

Occurs within three months of event

Symptoms include: anxiety, depression, withdrawal aggression, substance abuse, challenges with daily coping

Adjustment disorder is a temporary condition – typically resolve within six months

Question 6

Illness, anxiety disorder (2)

Answer 6

Endlessly checking body for signs of illness or disease

Maladaptive avoidance – fear going to doctor – due to thoughts that doctor might find something worrisome

6 months

Question 7

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 7

Gradual cognitive decline with behavioral symptoms

Diagnosis: in addition to clear behavioral symptoms there is an Alzheimer’s gene in many people

Powerful family history is also used making the diagnosis

Question 8

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

Answer 8

This is a trauma disorder!

Overly familiar with strangers to inappropriate extreme

Typically tied to parents who provide less than minimal level of

Child must be at least nine months of developmental age for diagnosis to apply

Question 9

Cluster C: obsessive compulsive personality disorder (9)

Answer 9

Cluster C is rooted in fear and anxiety

This is NOT obsessive, compulsive disorder!

Thoughts and urges focused on the rigid management of daily life and the tasks that go with it

Example: everything has to be ordered by color or the number five etc.

Focus so much on the details may ignore the people around

Being a perfectionist and upset when unable to meet your own standards

Following rules, no matter what

Unable to throw away broken stuff

Focusing on work to extreme

Extremely frugal with money

Single-minded to an extreme

Highly Controlling - unable to delegate

Question 10

Obesity

Answer 10

By itself, not a mental health disorder

Question 11

Indicators that child is traumatized (6)

Answer 11

Trouble regulating behaviors and emotion

Clingy and fearful in new situations

Easily frightened – difficult to console

Aggressive, impulsive, sleepless

Delayed and developmental milestones

Regressing in functioning and behavior no

Question 12

Generalized anxiety disorder – FRIIED (6)

Answer 12

Worry that is excessive and difficult to control

Worry that shifts from one to

For diagnosis adults must have three of the following symptoms. Kids must have at least one.

Fatigue
Restlessness
Irritability
Impaired concentration
Excessive muscle tension aches
Difficulty sleeping

For diagnosis, one must have symptoms on most days of the week for at least six months

CBT therapy is well suited to manage anxiety

Question 13

Cluster A: schizoid personality disorder (7)

Answer 13

Emotionally distant – “he’s a loner”

Flat affect; restricted range of expressed emotions

Don’t pick up on social cues

Doesn’t care about close relationship relationships – including being part of a family

Doesn’t care what others think of them – should be a positive or negative

Doesn’t take much pleasure in doing most things – little interest in sex

Prefers being alone over spending time with others

Question 14

Reactive attachment disorder (7)

Answer 14

This is a trauma disorder!

Diagnosis may be considered when child fails to engage, socially in age-appropriate way

Kids are high risk of diagnosis if abused or neglected in the first few years of life. Even higher risk is for kids for passed around from one home to the next in an early age, like foster kids.

Not just a childhood condition

The child may:
Show avoidance
Hypervigilance
Resist social contact
Avoid social reciprocality
Fail to seek comfort when upset
Become overly attached to one adult
Refuse to acknowledge caregiver

Question 15

Agoraphobia (5)

Answer 15

Fear of open/public places
Using public transportation
Being in enclosed places – movie shops, mall, etc.
Standing in line or being in a crowd
Just being outside the home!

Six months for diagnosis

CBT, DBT and exposure therapy

Question 16

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (7)

Answer 16

Bizarre behavior
Impaired communication
Impaired social interactions
Restricted range of activities and interests
No delusions or hallucinations
Rigidity with routine
Over or under reaction to sensory input – like a loud noise or bright light

Usually diagnosed before age 3

Question 17

ODD – opposition, defiance disorder

Answer 17

“Being difficult for no reason“

Kids with this diagnosis are difficult – but are not causing serious harm to anyone

Pattern of angry irritable mood

Argumentative resentful argues with authority/adults refuses to comply with rules

Annoys other people on purpose, vindictive, spiteful, blames other for their mistakes seats at revenge

For diagnosis behavior last six months or more onset is typically preschool years

Best intervention is parenting support, and behavior management techniques

Question 18

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 18

Childhood disorder constant bad mood – and it shows!

Outburst is out of proportion in intensity or duration

Outburst is inconsistent with developmental level

Similar to intermittent explosive disorder a kid is constantly irritable or angry most of the day

Kid is even irritable when not having angry outbursts

For diagnosis between six and 18 adults are not diagnosed with this

Behavior must’ve been going on for at least a year there can’t be a period of three months or more when this behavior hasn’t been going on outburst must take place at least three times a week and at least two different locations such as home in school 

Question 19

Rumination (3)

Answer 19

Vomiting up your food

Can occur independently of anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating

Folks with this condition, don’t try to regurgitate their food. It happens due to extreme stress or anxiety.

Must’ve been going on for one month to diagnose

Question 20

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 20

Overheat and purge. Exercise excessively. Take too many laxatives

Person may be of normal weight

Must occur at least once a week for three months or more for diagnosis

Question 21

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 21

Symptoms are similar to bipolar to – cycles of high and low

Everything is less severe: highs don’t equal mania; Lows don’t equal MDD

The highs and lows here do not add up to a bipolar diagnosis

For diagnosis: symptoms need to be present for at least two years – one year for children. Symptoms need to have been present for least half the time. There cannot be a more than two month lapse in symptoms.

Question 22

Pica

Answer 22

Eating non-food, non-nutritious substances

One month

Question 23

Neurocognitive disorder with… (5)

Answer 23

 Parkinson’s
Huntingtons
Lewy bodies
Prion disease
Brain injury
Still others

Typically criterion A symptoms – generic cognitive decline symptoms – accompanied by a diagnosis of any of the above diseases

Question 24

Antisocial personality disorder – memory trick

CORRUPT

Answer 24

C-can’t follow the law
O- obligations ignored
R-remorseless
R-recklessness
U-underhandedness
P-planning deficit
T-temper

Question 25

Dissociative disorders

Answer 25

 disruption of normal integration of consciousness, memory ID, etc. Frequently follows trauma

Question 26

Major depressive disorder (MDD) (7)

Answer 26

Per DSM one must experience at least five symptoms over a two week period AND one of those symptoms must be either depressed mood or anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure) Symptoms: Depressed mood: example – always hiding out in their room feeling down Anhedonia : client reports not playing their guitar in over a month. Changes in bio functioning of sleep or appetite Feelings of worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness or guilt Decreased concentration/focus Fatigue/low energy Possible suicidal ideation example I wish I could go to sleep and not wake up

Question 27

Cluster B: antisocial personality disorder (6)

Answer 27

Conduct disorder for grown-ups To obtain this diagnosis, you must have had symptoms of contact disorder as a kid and now be over 18 years old “They really don’t care, they are heartless” Trouble sustaining long-term relationship Unable to control anger Lack of guilt - don’t learn From mistakes Blame others Repeatedly break the law May have superficial charm; cunning

Question 28

Cluster C: dependent personality disorder (8)

Answer 28

Cluster C is rooted in fear and anxiety! Clingy! Intense need to be taken care of Not up to make your own plans or decisions Unable to do every day activities alone Seeking support and encouragement at any cost Remaining in abusive relationships due to fear of abandonment Need to jump into a new relationship, the minute one ends

Question 29

Binge eating (5)

Answer 29

Frequently consumes unusually large amounts of food and feel unable to stop eating Eating when you are full or not hungry Always on a diet – never lose weight Eat in secret Most are overweight or obese

Question 30

Cluster A: paranoid, personality disorder (7)

Answer 30

Being paranoid of others without evidence or Read too much into things Don’t trust; very suspicious, always doubting, hypervigilant Seeing insults and attacks in harmless comments Quick to attack Hold grudges Few close relationships due to lack of trust

Question 31

Somatic symptom disorder

Answer 31

Persistent state of being symptomatic. Excessive thoughts, feelings, etc., related to the belief of having a medical condition. Six months

Question 32

Cluster C: avoidant personality disorder (7)

Answer 32

Cluster C is rooted in fear and anxiety! Overwhelming inadequacy “I will never measure up“ Not able to handle criticism Avoid social activities Avoid new situations or meeting new people Fear of disappointing others Avoid intimacy to avoid mockery or shame Prefer to be alone due to being in timid and shy

Question 33

Elimination disorder

Answer 33

Pooping or peeing in inappropriate places Can be voluntary or involuntary Typically starts an early childhood or adolescence

Question 34

Cluster B: narcissistic personality disorder (8)

Answer 34

“You’re so vain” Grandiosity Preoccupation with fantasies of great love, power success Sense of entitlement Belief of being ever so special – should only associate with other high-end people Lack of empathy Exploits others Arrogant behaviors and attitudes Over estimation of achievements and skills

Question 35

Paraphillic disorders (4)

Answer 35

Persistent and intense sexual interest that is not thought of as normal Interest must cause clinically significant distress Must impair social functioning Must involve personal harm to self or others Six months

Question 36

Brief psychotic disorder

Answer 36

Sudden onset of psychotic symptoms – ie schizophrenia like symptoms Symptoms must be present for less than one month – followed by complete remission – with possible future relapses C BT Therapy is a good option here

Question 37

Hallucinations versus delusions

Answer 37

Hallucinations involve the senses. Delusions involve thoughts and beliefs.

Question 38

Cluster B: histrionic personality disorder (5)

Answer 38

Attention seekers! “If I’m not the center of attention, I will do whatever it takes to get back in the spotlight” Sexualized, provocative behavior Rapid shifts – yet shallow expression of emotion Exaggerated, drama, queen, expressions Easily influenced by people and circumstances Believing their relationship relationships are more meaningful than they actually are

Question 39

Attachment disorders

Answer 39

A child who experiences abuse, neglect, or separation during the first three years of life is it high risk for developing an at attachment disorder

Question 40

Borderline personality disorder – memory trick PRAISE

Answer 40

P-paranoid thoughts R-relationship instability A-angry outburst I-impulsive behavior S-suicidal E-emptiness

Question 41

Intermittent explosive disorder

Answer 41

By definition, not happening at regular intervals. It’s impulsive. “At baseline your chill but …!” Impulsive, angry outburst that a recurrent period anger is disproportionate to the situation. Person has difficulty controlling their aggression, brief periods of emotional detachment. Temper, tantrums, verbal arguments, fighting people with this condition, can cause physical harm! Little things set the person off. They go into Hulk mode, think firecrackers volcanoes. Impulsive = not premeditated Child must be at least six years old. Adults compete diagnosed as well. Verbal aggression occurs twice per week for at least three months or at least three incidents or person has inflicted damage to property or physically harmed people or animals within last 12 months

Question 42

Criteria A symptoms of a neurocognitive disorder (9)

Answer 42

Memory loss Difficulty performing tasks Confusion Getting lost in familiar places Mood changes Social withdrawal Personality changes difficulty communicating Loss of independence

Question 43

Neuro developmental disorders (6)

Answer 43

Developmental challenges, that impact personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning Onset is typically early childhood Warning sign is typically the failure to meet certain developmental milestones Disorders include: Autism. ADHD. Communication disorders. Motor disorders (ticks, Tourette’s, etc.) Learning disorders. Intellectual disabilities.

Question 44

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 44

Restrict food intake and or calories. Lower than normal BMI. Distorted views on body weight/shape. May also purge

Question 45

Phobias – general

Answer 45

Intense or severe fear/anxiety when phobia trigger is present Person is triggered every time coming into contact with phobic stimulus Person avoid a phobic stimulus where possible Fear and anxiety is disproportionate to actual situation Must be present for six months or more for diagnosis

Question 46

Positive versus negative symptoms

Answer 46

A positive symptom is something there that shouldn’t be there. Example: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech. A negative symptom is something we want to see, but it is missing. Example diminished, emotional expression, lack of hygiene.

Question 47

Obsessive compulsive disorder (4)

Answer 47

Obsessions: persistent unwelcome thoughts that are intrusive and causing anxiety or distress Compulsions: repetitive behaviors or mental acts that person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession. Example, cleaning, counting, washing hands, etc.. Disorders in the OCD family: Hoarding Excoriation Body dysmorphia disorder (obsession with imaginary body defects) Trichtillomania (hair pulling)

Question 48

Gender dysmorphia

Answer 48

 Distress caused by incongruence between assigned gender and expressed gender A strong distress emerges from not being able to express gender on one’s own terms over six month., Diagnosis supplies

Question 49

Panic disorder

Answer 49

Abrupt surge of intense fear – typically a few minutes long duration Attacks must be recurrent and un-anticipated For diagnosis, one must have four criterion A symptoms (things like sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain, fear of dying, etc.) and one criterion B symptom. Worry about having another attack Maladaptive behavior changes (that come from avoiding the possibility of another attack) DBT is most effective treatment

Question 50

Cluster B: borderline personality disorder (9)

Answer 50

Intense fear of abandonment – real or imagined Severe dissociative symptoms Dramatic shifts in perceptions of people and situations Impulsivity Unstable and intense relationships Feelings of emptiness Angry outbursts Anxiety/depression Recurring, self harm or suicide attempts

Question 51

Endogenous versus exogenous depression

Answer 51

Endogenous – caused by biochemical imbalance. Symptoms often more severe and may add up to classic depression. Exogenous – caused by external forces – an event – a stressor. Symptoms tend to be much less severe.

Question 52

Selective mutism

Answer 52

This is an anxiety disorder! Consistent failure to speak in social situations were speaking as indicated – even though the person speaks in other situations

Question 53

Delusion disorder

Answer 53

Client has one or more false beliefs that persist for at least a month. Beliefs can be ordinary or not – the client is convinced of them and they are difficult to change. Treatment is often psychotherapy Non-bizarre versus bizarre erotomanic Grandiose Jealous Persecutory somatic

Question 54

Social anxiety (5)

Answer 54

Fear of social situations Onset is from age 8–15 Avoid asking for help Avoid spaces where you can’t easily hide Making excuses to skip events Not showing your true self Being extremely aware of how to behave You can have a strong base of self-esteem and STILL have this disorder

Question 55

ADHD

Answer 55

Persistent pattern of attention, hyperactivity, impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development Symptoms need to be present before age 12 Symptoms must be present for at least six months – and at least two different settings Symptoms can increase under stress Symptoms can decline in controlled or novel situations

Question 56

Stress versus trauma

Answer 56

Stress: typical response to feeling overwhelmed or threatened Trauma: neurological distress that does not go away – or when person is unable to return to equilibrium

Question 57

Folie a Deux

Answer 57

Shared delusion A person can develop a delusion as a result of a close relationship with someone already suffering from delusion disorder

Question 58

Thought broadcasting

Answer 58

Delusional condition. Belief that others can hear your thoughts. This can include the idea that one thoughts are broadcast on the radio Internet, etc..

Question 59

Neurocognitive disorders (4)

Answer 59

A change in baseline cognition – generally verified by reliable historian or through testing Examples: Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Traumatic brain injury Huntington’s disease

Question 60

Battered women syndrome

Answer 60

Group of psychological symptoms – including cognitive disturbances (flashbacks, trauma) High avoidance, isolation and withdrawal PTSD – anxiety, depression, high arousal For some battered women, overtime, brain injury can become an issue

Question 61

Histrionic, personality disorder, memory trick PRAISE ME

Answer 61

P- provocative or seductive behavior R- relationships considered more intimate A- attention – must be the center of it I - influenced easily S-speech style wants to impress E- emotional liability, shallow M- make up – draw attention to oneself E- exaggerated emotions, theatrical

Question 62

Indicators of extreme trauma (12)

Answer 62

Addictive behaviors Inability to tolerate ANY conflict with others Belief of being bad, worthless without value All or nothing thinking Chronic thoughts of suicide Poor attachment Dissociation Eating disorders Intense anxiety/panic attacks Depression Self harm Unexplained but intense fears of people, places or things

Question 63

Symptoms of schizophrenia (5)

Answer 63

Number one symptom: hallucinations Delusions Extremely disordered thinking Extremely disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (catatonic) Suicidal thoughts and behavior are common

Question 64

Distinguishing the schizo‘s

Answer 64

It’s all about the timeline! Schizophreniform disorder Symptoms present for more than one month – but less than six months Schizophrenia: Symptoms present for six months and beyond Schizoaffective disorder: It’s tricky! Psychotic symptoms must be present for at least two consecutive weeks without mood symptoms. HOWEVER - the mood disorder is front and center. Mood symptoms are present for the majority of the illness. For diagnosis there needs to be at least six months of illness – with periods of both psychosis and mood symptoms 

Question 65

Mania versus hypomania (7)

Answer 65

mania leads to functional impairment. For diagnosis, it must be present for at least one week. (or less time if symptoms lead to hospitalization.) Hypomania is a milder form of mania. It does not lead to functional impairment. For diagnosis, hypomania must be present for four days. General manic symptoms: Increased energy Grandiosity Decreased need for sleep Racing thoughts Rapid speech Impulsivity Euphoria

Question 66

Bipolar one versus bipolar two

Answer 66

Moods go from high to low – usually spontaneously – usually very quickly Bipolar one is the far more serious condition. Manic episodes lasting at least a week – less if hospitalization occurs.  it frequently occurs! Bipolar two involves alternating depressive episodes with at least one manic or hypo manic episode. The level of manic behavior isn’t extreme. However, depression can be bad enough to require hospitalization.

Question 67

Tardive Dyskinisea

Answer 67

Possible side effect of long-term antipsychotic medication use Involuntary facial and body movements Tongue Lips Face Blinking Waving your arms

Question 68

Magical thinking

Answer 68

Believe that thoughts, actions, or words can cause real life consequences. Conventional example: carrying a rabbits foot for good luck. More worrisome example: fear that something bad will happen to a person because you are angry with them. Folks with OCD expressions of magical thinking

Question 69

Transference versus countertransference

Answer 69

Transference: a clients “transferring” feelings onto the SW. Examples SW reminds me of my boss….I’m attracted to my therapist. Countertransference SW feel some kind of way towards the client

Question 70

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Answer 70

 feeling as though body sensations, feelings, and emotions don’t belong to oneself. One feels like an observer to themselves or in a dream. Their own voice may sound remote to them. While many people experience passing episodes of these sensations, a diagnosis of DPDR is made when the feelings are strong, frequent, and interfere with daily functioning. Severe stress or trauma can contribute to this condition.

Question 71

Bizarre versus non-bizarre delusions

Answer 71

Bizarre: Not derived from ordinary life experiences Often magical in nature Not seen as being plausible Non-bizarre Could theoretically be true, but not likely. Not aligned with evidence.

Question 72

Intellectual disability, a.k.a. intellectual developmental disorder

Answer 72

Deficit and intellectual functioning learning, etc. Develops before age 18 and is not due to a stroke or other medical condition Global development of communication disorder, mild moderate, and severe typical range of disability global

Question 73

Specific learning disorder (3)

Answer 73

Dyslexia Dysgraphia Dyscalculia Must be in place for six months to diagnose

Question 74

Examples of negative symptoms (5)

Answer 74

Anhedonia Asociality Apathy/Avolition Flat affect Alogia - diminished speech

Question 75

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Answer 75

For diagnosis: At least one symptom from criterion A: Affective lability (mood goes up and down) Irritability/anger Depressed mood Anxiety this must be combined with symptoms from criterion B for a total of five symptoms: Decreased interest in activities Poor concentration Lethargic Appetite change Hyper/insomnia Overwhelmed Physical symptoms, such as breast soreness

Question 76

Aichmophobia

Answer 76

Fear of sharp objects, such as needles

Question 77

Emetophobia

Answer 77

Fear of throwing up

Question 78

Hypersomnolence

Answer 78

Sleeps too much

Question 79

Parasomnia

Answer 79

Movement while sleeping, such as sleepwalking

Question 80

Delirium

Answer 80

Disturbed state of mind or consciousness. Often associated with fever or intoxication. Neuro cognitive disorder that is potentially temporary and reversible

Question 81

HIV, Parkinson’s, Huntingtons

Answer 81

all can lead to neurocognitive challenges in the late stages of the disease

Question 82

Lewy Bodies

Answer 82

Can manifest into a neurocognitive disorder with hallucinations

Question 83

Fronto temporal

Answer 83

Can manifest into a narrow cognitive disorder with symptoms of aggression

Question 84

Vascular issues

Answer 84

We can manifest into a neurocognitive disorder: stroke

Question 85

Prion

Answer 85

Can manifest into a neurocognitive disorder — mad cow disease This is fatal! Along the way, major anxiety, etc.

Question 86

The clusters!

Answer 86

Cluster A equals odd and eccentric Schitzoid Schitzo-typical Paranoid Cluster B equals erratic and over the top Anti social Histrionic Bi-polar Narcissistic Cluster C equals anxious and nervous: Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Question 87

Acute dystonia

Answer 87

Abnormal positioning/postures or muscle spasms Caused by antipsychotic, antidepressant, anti-emetic drugs

Question 88

Akathisia

Answer 88

Uncontrollable urges to move, such as fidgeting or walking Related to the use of antipsychotic medication

Question 89

Prolonged grief disorder

Answer 89

An intense yearning for the deceased. Sometimes this involves a fixation on the circumstances of the deceased passing.

Question 90

Ego dystonic Sometimes called ego alien

Answer 90

Behaviors or thoughts that go against who you think you are. Inconsistent with beliefs, seen as intrusive or unwelcome. Example: depression. For the most part people want to be happy not mean Another example: addiction can lead people to engage in behaviors, so far removed from who they think they are that a cycle of shame emerges

Question 91

Ego syntonic

Answer 91

Thoughts and behaviors In harmony and alignment with what 1 wants. Examples: Personality disorders Anorexia Delusion disorder Body dysmorphia In many instances, people with these conditions, see nothing wrong with themselves. Their disorder is an alignment with their conscious sense of self.