Theories Flashcards

Question

Erikson: stage 3

Answer 1

Initiative versus guilt 3-6 It’s all about purpose! Am I good or bad? Time to work on interpersonal skills by playing with other children Listening skills, learning to be a follower; learning to be a leader Learn which behaviors, generate positive and negative results Imagination and fantasy play Kids learn limits on what they can control in the natural world – and difference between reality and fantasy If their efforts to question aspects of the world are encouraged, they will feel comfortable, expressing their curiosity throughout life. If we discourage them, they will feel guilty about their curious ways – and avoid being inquisitive later. Success: Increased self-esteem Problem solver Greater independence Better academics Improved physical health Good follower or leader Can initiate actions towards their own purpose Failure: Guilt! Lacking in self-sufficiency Lack direction and purpose Poor social skills Overly strict parents can produce kids who always need to be in control, may be reluctant to take initiative, or maybe be attached to magical thinking Overly permissive parents can produce kid who struggle struggles with interpersonal relationships and setting limits for themselves

Answer 2

Relationship skills impacted by dynamic between mother and child during first three years of life As child continues to grow, they individuate - become increasingly aware that they are their own person separate from their mother If mother responds to child’s behavior with impatience or unavailability, child can develop a fear of abandonment in childhood – along with insecurity and low self-esteem throughout adulthood

Answer 3

Integrity versus despair 65+ Wisdom! Did I lead a meaningful life? We reflect back on our life – and develop a sense of integrity if we are able to see the successes and achievements. We look back with a sense of closure and completeness. We don’t hear death. Failure: if reflecting back leads to mostly regret – we are left with bitterness and despair

Answer 4

Morality is something you grow into Three levels with six steps

Answer 5

Preconventional: 0-6 years Step one – punishment and obedience orientation. This is guided by fear. Step two – naïve hedonism. Conforms to get rewards and have favors returned. Guided by self interest. Morality has not developed. Only interested in one’s own benefits. I’ll do this because it’s good for me. Want to avoid punishment and others to get stuff. “Look mom – I’m standing on the green star!“

Answer 6

Conventional: 7-11 years Step three: good boy/girl morality. Conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others – peer pressure. Step four – conforms to avoid censure by authorities Most people stay here their entire lives At this stage, we want others to see us as good people. We conformed our laws and authority. I stopped at the red light because that’s the law. We don’t break the laws of society. I follow the rules because they are the rules

Answer 7

Post conventional:11 years + Step five: conforms to maintain communities. Emphasis on individual rights. Step six: individual principles of conscious. Guided by compassion. I stopped at the stop sign because to do otherwise could get someone hurt Learning the difference between right and wrong at a moral level Rosa Parks is level three – she broke the law – but for highly moral reasons

Answer 8

Intimacy versus isolation 18-40 Will I be loved or will I be alone? We explore relationships beyond our family members – we explore being intimate with others Success: Solidify long-term bonds – marriage long-term friendships Improved mental health Your feelings of depression and loneliness Developmental empathy for others Love! Happy relationships, and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship Fail Loneliness Trouble forming meaningful relationships Social is Poor physical health due distress Avoiding intimacy – fearing commitment

Answer 9

Formal operations: 12-18+ It’s all about abstracting! We can think more rationally, abstractly –use hypotheticals and problem solve We can better understand more complex, notions such as emotions and philosophy We start to understand ourselves and other others better Consequences make more sense. I can leave my kid at home without worrying. He will put foil in the microwave. Achievement: scientific reasoning, abstract concepts. Example: sort out the most logical way to solve a problem.

Answer 10

Early interactions between caregiver and child impact their emotional and social development Mary Ainsworth John Bobby

Answer 11

9-14 months As child becomes more autonomous, they will explore away from mother – while keeping mother at an optimal distance. Mother is still thought of as unified with the baby

Answer 12

Autonomy versus shame 1 1/2 - 3 years Can I do things myself or am I dependent on others? Toilet training With increased ability to do things on our own – we reach for autonomy. We run away, dress ourselves, make choices about clothes, toys, etc. It is key that caregiver support and encourage the sense of free will. This allows us to be “Will-ing”to further explore the world with confidence. Failure leads to feelings of inadequacy, becoming overly dependent upon others, lacking self-esteem. Success: Confident Assertive Better able to communicate needs and desires Failure: Poor social skills Rely too heavily on others Unable to articulate once and needs to other others Negative self image Ass

Answer 13

Denial: it’s not me Anger: why me? Bargaining: attempt to alter fate by being pleasant and cooperative Depression: grief and loss Acceptance: not angry or depressed. Increasingly detached from feeling. Hope is not a stage – but is possible at all stages. Concept that death is irreversible, begins at about age 7

Answer 14

Process of forming a stable personality Theory describes how children transitioned from a symbiotic relationship with their mother to a more independent state. She compared to this process to a “psychological birth” that unfolds over several phases.

Answer 15

Conscious: Thoughts and feelings, you are currently aware of Preconscious: Memories and thoughts that are not currently in your awareness – but can be easily accessed Unconscious: Thoughts, desires, memories that are not readily accessible to conscious awareness – including repressed experiences. These can influence behavior without 1 realizing it. Conscious: tip of the iceberg Preconscious: part just below the surface Unconscious: great big hunk of ice hidden below

Answer 16

Children are not passive receptacles – they actively explore and interact with their surroundings, deepening their knowledge about the world around them

Answer 17

Tuckman Forming Developing trust Storming Power and control – struggle for autonomy – group ID Norming Intimacy – utilizing self in Service of the group Performing Differentiation – acceptance of each other as distinct individuals Adjourning Termination

Answer 18

“No matter where I go, someone has got my back” Psychological process by which an infant gradually develops a sense of self and separates from their primary caregiver. If we don’t bond with that “one” person by age 2 or three – we are in trouble for the rest of our lives Provides framework for analyzing how disruptions to mother/child relationship during first three years, can impact psychological functioning This theory is used by S W’s to understand and address issues related to attachment, self-esteem and separation anxiety.

Answer 19

Walking, talking, etc. This kind of behavior can be controlled through consequences

Answer 20

One performance produces conditions that make the next one possible. Example – teaching a kid to to brush their teeth step one (praise) step two (praise) etc

Answer 21

Gradually changing one stimulus controlling behavior to another Example – teaching a kid to tie their shoes. You gradually fade out the stimulus. (Giving direction)

Answer 22

Withholding a reinforcer to “kill“ a negative behavior Example: completely ignoring a child throwing a tantrum

Answer 23

Telling someone how to behave in certain situations Example: Giving a dog a treat Using token economy (stickers, etc.) Showering child with praise for doing something right Giving a child extra chores for misbehaving

Answer 24

Operant conditioning You do a good job at work – you get a raise. You leave dirty dishes in the sink – now you have to wash your dishes AND sweep up Classical conditioning (Sound of the door opening associated with abusive dad coming home). So… Sound of door trigger fear response in child. Set a police car in rearview mirror, triggers, feelings of anxiety and dread

Answer 25

Involuntary behavior – anxiety, sexual arousal, etc. This behavior is triggered by certain other behaviors (stimulus leads to response)

Theories Flashcards

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