1
Q
He is an english naturalist who independently conceived the theory of evolution
A
Alfred Russel Wallace
2
Q
When and what is the title of the paper Alfred Russel Wallace discussed his theory on?
A
1858, “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Originical Type”
3
Q
He is an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who is widely credited for formulating the theory of evolution
A
Charles Robert Darwin
4
Q
Charles Robert Darwin’s book is entitled?
A
On the Origin of Species (1859)
5
Q
Theory of evolution by means of natural selection was conceived in the ___?
A
19th century
6
Q
Two main points of the theory of evolution, in the book, On the Origin of Species
A
- All extant species are modified descendants of earlier species
- Natural selection is the drive of evolution
7
Q
Is the phenomenon in which specific heritable traits of biological populations undergo genetic change
A
Evolution
8
Q
Changes over successive generations
A
Evolution
9
Q
These modifications that give way to evolution are a result of ___?
A
Genetic variation
10
Q
Change in a populations inherited traits over generations
A
Biological evolution
11
Q
Mechanism of evolution:
A
Gene flow
Mutation
Genetic drift
Natural selection
12
Q
Mechanism of evolution that can happen from migration
A
Gene flow
13
Q
Mechanism of evolution that could occur due to exposure to chemicals
A
Mutation
14
Q
Mechanism of evolution that can occur due to a significant event or random change
A
Genetic drift
15
Q
Mechanism of evolution, “survival of the fittest”
A
Natural selection
16
Q
an organism is well-suited to its environment, enabling it to produce more offspring compared to others in the population
A
Higher fitness
17
Q
indicates characteristics that hinder survival and reproduction, leading to fewer offspring
A
Lower fitness
18
Q
Evolution line of evidence
A
Homologous
Fossil record
Biogeography
19
Q
Basis of inheritance
A
- Genes
- Locus
- Alleles
- Gene expression
- Genome
- Chromosomes
- Genotype
- Phenotype
- Phenotypic plasticity
- Norm of reaction
20
Q
Are made up of a sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid and are considered the basic unit of heredity because they carry the information that determines the physical makeup of traits
A
Genes
21
Q
It is responsible for the phenotype of an organism
A
Genes
22
Q
It is responsible for the phenotype of an organism
A
Genes
23
Q
Is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that gas a function.
A
Gene
24
Q
Is a molecule composed of two chains which coil around each other to form a double helix, carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development and functioning of all known living organisms
A
DNA
25
Refers to the specific location in a chromosome wherein a specific gene is located
Locus
26
Are a variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long DNA molecule; they are the alternate form of a gene
Alleles
27
Refers to the process in which products are synthesized using DNA
Gene expression
28
Is the collective term for all the DNA in a given cell
Genome
29
Are threadlike bodies in a cell where genes aggregate
Chromosomes
30
Parts of chromosome
Telomere
Short arm
Centromere
Longer arm
Sister chromatid
31
A visual representation of an individual's complete set of chromosomes, typically obtained from a cell and arranged in pairs
Karyotype
32
Base pairs
DNA: Adenine-Thymine (2 bonds), Guanine-Cytosine (3 bonds)
RNA: Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine
33
Refers to the genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
34
Is the physical observable trait translated from a genotype
Phenotype
35
Is the property of a genotype to give rise to different phenotypic expressions under different environmental conditions
Phenotypic plasticity
36
Is the set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range if environmental conditions
The Norm of Reaction
37
Four types of evolution:
Divergent evolution
Convergent evolution
Parallel evolution
Coevolution
38
Is the process in which interbreeding species diverge into two or more evolutionary groups
Divergent evolution
39
Is the formation of new and distinct species in the process of evolution
Speciation
40
Types of speciation:
Allopatric
Peripatric
Parapatric
Sympatric
41
Occurs when species divide into distinct groups that are isolated from one another. Also referred to as “Geographic Isolation”
Allopatric Speciation
42
Meaning of “allo” and “patric”
“other” and “homeland”
43
Allopatric processes:
Dispersal
Vicariance
44
When a few members of a species move to a new geographical area
Dispersal
45
When a natural circumstance develops to physically separate organisms
Vicariance
46
Occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered different species
Sympatric speciation
47
Meaning of “sym” and “patric”
“Same” and “homeland”
48
A condition that results from the separation of chromosome pairs when the end cell product has an abnormally high or low number if individual chromosomes
Aneuploidy
49
Reproduction isolation:
Prezygotic barrier
Postzygotic barrier
50
Prezygotic barrier
Temporal isolation
Habitat isolation
Behavioral isolation
Gametic barrier
51
Postzygotic barrier
Hybrid inviability
Hybrid sterility
52
When a small group of individuals splits off from a larger group to form new species
Peripatric speciation
53
Meaning of “peri” and “patric”
“Near” and “homeland”
54
A species is dispersed over a large geographical area. Although any member of the species can mate with another member of the species, individuals only mate with those in their own geographic region
Parapatric speciation
55
Meaning of “para” and “patric”
“Around” and “homeland”
56
Is the creation of new species by people. This is achieved through lab experiments, where scientists mostly research insects like fruit flies.
Artificial speciation
57
Take place where different species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures. Marked by the presence of analogous structures.
Convergent evolution
58
Similar structure, differing function, from a common ancestor
Homologous structure
59
Differing structure, similar function, not from common ancestor
Analogous structure
60
It occurs when independent species acquire similar characteristics while evolving together at the same time in the same eco-space
Parallel evolution
61
Example of parallel evolution:
Extinct browsing horses and paleotheres
62
Is commonly defined as reciprocal evolutionary changes brought about by interactions between species, implying that interacting species impose selection on each other. The covariance between fitness and trait value determines the strength of natural selection
Coevolution
63
Is the process by which one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit various environmental features such as food resources or habitats
Adaptive radiation
64
An organism produced by interbreeding of two animals or plants of different species or of genetically distinct populations within a species
Hybrid organism
65
If the hybrids are less fit than the parents, ___ is reinforced
Speciation
66
If the reproductive barriers weaken, the two species ___?
Fuse and become one
67
If hybrids are fit and reproductive, the barriers ___
Remain the same: stability may occur
68
After speciation has occurred, the two separate but closely related species may continue to produce offsprings in an area called the ___
Hybrid zone
69
Changes in the hybrid zone over time:
Reinforcement
Fusion
Stability
70
Rate of speciation
Gradual speciation
Punctuated speciation
71
Species diverge gradually over time in small steps
Gradual speciation
72
A new species rapidly diverges from its parent species and then remains largely unchanged for long periods of time
Punctuated speciation
73
Factors causing speciation
Natural selection
Migration
Natural causes
Chromosomal changes
Mutations
Reduction of gene flow
74
Is a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success
Natural selection
75
Organisms, even those belonging to the same species, are inherently different from one another
Variance
76
The well-adapted individuals are more likely to pass on adaptive traits to their offspring, and before long, the successive generations of the population will have the traits that made them adaptive, rooting out those who lack the advantageous traits
Inheritance
77
Environments cannot support the thriving of unlimited populations. Those who are more successful in finding food
or avoiding predators will give them
a better chance to survive.
Survival
78
is the ultimate determiner of the final form of the new species or the final manifestation of the new traits.
Time
78
Individuals who Have more success rate in finding and attracting a mate, and
protecting their young will have more chance of passing on their genes to the succeeding generation.
Reproduction
79
is the process or the state of adjusting or changing to become more suited to an environment.
Adaptation
80
Species undergo ___ in manners that permit them to succeed in their environment. These genetic alterations happen on heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological traits of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection such that it maintains or increases the fitness of an organism under a given set of environmental conditions.
Phenotypic modifications
81
In the context of evolution, ___ refers to the measure of the long-term reproductive success of an individual in a population.
Biological fitness
82
Modes of achieving fitness
Mortality selection
Sexual selection
Fecundity selection
83
Any trait that promotes survival increases fitness
Mortality selection
84
The phenotype prefers to mate with others of the same phenotype, i.e., assortative mating
Sexual selection
85
Mechanisms that allow an individual to produce more viable offspring than others arise
Fecundity selection
86
underlie the changes that populations of organisms undergo over
generations.
Genetic variations
87
The total genetic variation within a population is represented by the ___
Gene pool
88
Sometimes, there can be random fluctuations in the number of alleles in a population. These changes in
relative allele frequency, called __, can
either increase or decrease by chance over time. This is common after a population experiences a population bottleneck.
Genetic drift
89
refers to a change in the nucleotide sequence of a short region of a genome brought on by high-energy means like radiation and chemicals.
Mutation
90
results in a restructuring of genome sequences by breaking and rejoining chromosomes and chromosome segments.
Genetic recombination
91
refers to the inhabiting of organisms to a habitat because it is a suitable environment for their growth and development.
Immigration
91
takes place when organisms leave their current habitat due to the inability to sustain life.
Emigration
92
refers to the movement of organisms between local populations
Locomotion or migration
93
practice in wildlife conservation wherein species, habitats, or
some other ecological material are captured, transported, and released from one location to another.
Translocation
94
refer to the evolutionary forces that drive evolution via natural selection, specifically, human interventions that
cause a particular phenotype of an organism to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions.
Human-induced selective pressures
2C
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