MICRO C3 Flashcards by Moira Ramos

Energy yielding reactions are a part of metabolism called __

Catabolism

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Microorganisms also required energy in order to survive:

To maintain the structural integrity of the cell
To synthesize new cellular components such as nucleic acids, polysaccharides and enzymes
To transport certain substances into the cell from its surroundings
For the cell to grow and multiply
For cellular movement

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Organisms that conserve energy from chemicals

Chemotrophs

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Use organic chemicals

Chemoorganotrophs

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Inorganic compounds are oxidized

Chemolithotrophs

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Classified as sulfur bacterium

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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Convert light energy into chemical energy

Phototrophs

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Contain pigments that allow them to convert light energy into chemical energy

Phototrophic microorganisms

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Oxygen is produced

Oxygenic photosynthesis (cyanobacteria, and algae)

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Does not yield O2

Anoxygenic photosynthesis (purple and green bacteria and the heliobacteria)

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Its cell carbon is obtained from some organic chemical

Heterotroph (chemoorganotroph)

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Uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as its carbon source

Autotroph (chemolithotroph, photosynthetic oxygenic, photosynthetic anoxygenic)

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Help in the breakdown of sugar molecules in the body

Digestive enzymes

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The substrate binds to the enzyme forming a __

Enzyme-substrate complex

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Are substances that can speed up chemical reactions without being altered

Catalysts

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Serve as biological catalysts, act on a specific substance

Enzymes

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Specific substance that enzymes act on

Enzymes substrate

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are proteins that are highly specific for the reactions they catalyze

Enzymes

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This enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of the B-1,4-glycosidic bond in the polysaccharide backbone of peptidoglycan

Lysozyme

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Protein portion (inactive)

Apoenzyme

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Nonprotein portion (activator)

Cofactor

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Whole enzyme (active)

Holoenzyme

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Apoenzyme + Cofactor (coenzyme) -> __

Holoenzyme

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Part of coenzyme cocarboxylase; has many functions including the metabolism of pyruvic acid

Thiamine (from Vitamin B1)

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Coenzyme in flavoproteins; active in electron transfers

Riboflavin (from vitamin B2)

Part of NAD molecule; active in electron transfers

Nicotinic acid (from Nicotinic Acid)

Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism

Pyridoxine (from Vitamin B6)

Active in amino acid metabolism

Cyanocobalamine (from Vitamin B12)

Factors influencing enzymatic activity

- Temperature - pH - Substrate concentration

The rate of most chemical reactions increases as the __ increases

Temperature

Above or below the __ value of the optimum __ of enzymes, the activity abd reaction rate decline

Maximum rate od enzymatic activity can be obtained when there is a high __

Substrate concentration

Metabolic reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

Oxidation-Reduction reaction or Redox reaction

When a molecule loses an electron, it is said to be __

Oxidized

When an electron is gained, the recipient is __

Reduced

In photosynthesis, __ is oxidized, and __ is reduced

Water, glucose

When biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms

Dehydrogenation reactions

Means attaching a phosphate group ((PO4)^3) to an ion or molecule

Phosphorylation

the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy

Carbohydrate catabolism

The most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells

Glucose

To produce energy from glucose, microorganisms use two general processes:

- Cellular respiration - Fermentation

Within each plant cell, glucose and other fuel molecules are broken down during __

Cellular respiration

A series of chemical reactions that break apart fuel molecules and transfer the energy stored in their bonds to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for use in cellular work

Cellular respiration

Cells that live in environments where oxygen is plentiful use __

Aerobic pathway

Cell that live on oxygen-poor environment (waterlogged soil or polluted water) must use __

Anaerobic pathway

Stages of aerobic respiration:

Glycolysis Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis

During this, energy is released as fuel molecules, are catabolized to CO2 and water

Aerobic respiration

In prokaryotes, the whole process of cellular respiration occurs in the __

Cytoplasm

Greek word meaning “splitting sugar”

Glycolysis

Only __ molecule of ATP is produced per citric acid cycle

Accepts hydrogens or electrons from 3 previous stages

Electron transport chain

is the final electron acceptor

Oxygen

is the use of ion gradients. especially proton gradients. across membranes to generate ATP

Chemiosmosis

The one molecule of glucose may produce a maximum total of __ to __ ATPs

36 to 38 ATPs

is thought to possess high energy forming 3 ATP

NADH

derived from Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) are among the carrier molecules in ETC

Flavoproteins

In anaerobic pathways the final electron acceptor is instead __ or __

Nitrate (NO3) or sulfate (SO4^2)

Degrades glucose and other organic molecules without oxygen

Fermentation

Two common types of fermentation:

- Alcoholic fermentation - Lactate fermentation

Degrade glucose to pyruvate through glycolysis

Alcoholic fermentation

Pyruvate produced from glycolysis is converted to lactate

Lactate fermentation

G3P stands for?

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Glycolysis:

2 ATP starts the process. GLUCOSE splits into 2, 3-CARBON G3P which turns into 2, 3-CARBON PYRUVATE which yields 4 ATP

Final product of glycolysis

2 3-Carbon pyruvic acid, and 4 ATP

In prokaryotes, cellular respiration occurs in the __

Cytoplasm

In eukaryotes, cellular respiration occurs in the __

Cytoplasm (glycolysis occurs in the cytosol) and mitochondria

Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A

Pyruvate molecules move into the mitochondrion. 1 3-carbon pyruvic acid -> 1 carbon is released as CO2 -> the 2 carbon remaining is oxidized -> removed H+ is accepted by NAD+ forming NADH -> oxidized fragment (acetyl group) is attached to Coenzyme A -> forming 2-carbon acetyl CoA

Final product in the formation of Acetyle CoA

2 NADH, 2 2-Carbon Acetyle CoA

Alcoholic fermentation

Glucose is converted to pyruvate through glycolysis. Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde which finally turns into ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Lactate fermentation

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate and is directly converted to lactate

Citric acid cycle

Acetyle CoA transfers 2-carbon acetyl to 4-carbon oxaloacetate -> 6-carbon citrate is formed -> citrate will lose one carbon forming CO2 -> remaining 5-carbon will be oxidized -> 4-carbon oxaloacetate regenerates and another cycle will occur

Final product of citric acid cycle

2 FADH, 6 NADH (2 ATP)

Electron transport chain

NADH & FADH transfers electron to electron acceptor -> their lose energy is used to make ATP -> remaining electrons reunite with H+ forming hydrogen -> hydrogen will combine with oxygen forming H2O

MICRO C3 Flashcards

(73 cards)