MICRO C2 Flashcards by Moira Ramos

Anatomy of Eukaryotic Cell

• DNA is usually found in the cell’s
nucleus
• DNA is consistently associated
with chromosomal proteins
called histones
• have a number of membrane-
enclosed organelles
• cell walls when present, are
chemically simple.
• cell division usually involves mitosis

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Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cell

• DNA is NOT enclosed within a
membrane and is usually a
singular circularly arranged
chromosome
• DNA is not associated with
Histones
• lack membrane enclosed
organelles
• cell walls almost always contain
the complex polysaccharide
structure
• usually divide by binary fission

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Major Cell Morphologies

Coccus
Rod
Spirilla

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Spherical or ovoid

Coccus

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cylindrically shaped cell.

Rod

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Some rods form spiral shapes
and are called ____

Spirilla

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Cell shape

Morphology

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largest known prokaryote

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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Small cells have ___ surface-
to-volume ratio

Higher

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The more chromosome
replications that occur, the
greater the total number of
____ in the cell population.

Mutations

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The “raw material” of evolution

Mutation

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If this is compromised, the integrity of the cell is destroyed, the
cytoplasm leaks into the environment, and the cell dies.

Cytoplasmic membrane

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the general structure of the cytoplasmic membrane is a ___

Phospholipid bilayer

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Phospholipids are composed of:

hydrophobic tail (fatty acid)
hydrophilic head (glycerol–
phosphate)

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sterol-like molecules that function to
strengthen the membranes of
Bacteria

Hopanoids

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Sterol in plants

Phytosterol

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Sterol in fungi

Ergosterol

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Sterol in animals

Cholesterol

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protein that is firmly embedded in the membrane

Integral membrane protein

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NOT membrane embedded but
remain associated with membrane
surfaces. Typically interact with integral
membrane proteins in important
cellular processes such as energy
metabolism and transport

Peripheral membrane proteins

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One substance that does freely
pass the membrane in both
directions

Water

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Equal solute concentration

Isotonic

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Lower solute concentration

Hypotonic (water moves into the cell)

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Higher solute concentration

Hypertonic (water moves out of the cell)

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100% permeability or can move in/out of the cell

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

function to accumulate solutes against the concentration gradient.

Transport proteins

High to low and doesn’t require energy

Along the concentration gradient

Low to high and requires energy (ATP) for transport

Against the concentration gradient

consists only of a membrane spanning transport protein.

Simple transport

employs a series of proteins in the transport event

Group translocation

three components of ABC transport system:

1. substrate-binding protein 2. membrane integrated transporter 3. ATP-hydrolyzing protein

consist of three components: a substrate-binding protein, a membrane integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein

ABC transport system

three components of ABC transport system:

1. substrate-binding protein 2. membrane integrated transporter 3. ATP-hydrolyzing protein

are proteins that carry a substance unidirectionally across the membrane, either in or out

Uniporters

are cotransporters; they transport a molecule along with a second substance, typically a proton

Symporters

proteins that transport one substance into the cell while simultaneously transporting a second out of the cell

Antiporters

a region in a gram-negative bacteria that lies between the cytoplasmic membrane and a second membrane layer

Periplasm

The periplasm contains many different proteins, several of which function in transport and are called ___

Periplasmic binding proteins

As much as ___% of the gram-positive cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. While gram-negative cell wall consists of at least ___ layers

90% 2 layers

Two sugar derivatives of peptidoglycan and their glycosidic bond

N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid β-1,4

Backbone of pseudomurein and its glycosidic bond

N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid β-1,3

Peptidoglycan can be destroyed by certain agents. One such agent is the enzyme ___

Lysozyme

The outer membrane is relatively permeable to small molecules (even hydrophilic molecules) because of proteins called ___ that function as channels for the entrance and exit of solutes

Porins

similar to peptidoglycan, a polysaccharide called ____ is present in cell walls of certain methanogenic bacteria

Pseudomurein

always the outermost wall layer, the layer that is in direct contact with the environment.

S-layer

if the layer is organized in a tight matrix that excludes small particles, such as India ink, it is called a ___

Capsule

enable cells to stick to surfaces, including animal tissues in the case of pathogenic bacteria

Fimbriae

Two very important functions of pili:

1. facilitating genetic exchange between cells in a process called conjugation 2. enabling the adhesion of pathogens to specific host tissues that they invade

highly differentiated cells that are extremely resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and radiation.

Endospores

2 grouping system (plants/animals)

Aristotle

proposed a third kingdom, which he called protista

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)

proposed a four-kingdom scheme, the kingdom Monera (prokaryotic organisms; bacteria and blue-green algae)

Herbert Copeland (1902-1968)

a french marine biologist, introduced the terms prokaryotes and eukaryotes in 1937

Edouard Chatton (1883-1947)

proposed a four-kingdom scheme, the kingdom Monera (prokaryotic organisms; bacteria and blue-green algae)

Herbert Copeland (1902-1968)

proposed a fifth Kingdom called Kingdom Fungi

Robert Whittaker (1969)

proposed the division of Prokaryotes into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Carl Woese

Woese’s Six-Kingdom Classification System

• Kingdom Animalia • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Eubacteria • Kingdom Archaebacteria

American Biologist who proposed in 1990 the creation of new taxon called domain, a rank higher than Kingdom.

Carl Woese

3 domains

1. Domain Bacteria 2. Domain Archaea 3. Domain Eukarya

This group includes all prokaryotic, single-celled bacteria whose cell walls are composed of a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan.

Domain bacteria

Organisms that are classified under this domain are perceived to be more primitive than bacteria. They are considered to be more closely related to eukaryotes. Their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. They live in extreme environmental conditions

Domain archaea

The main characteristic of the members of this group is the presence of membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Domain eukarya

Kingdom/s under domain bacteria

Eubacteria

Kingdom/s under domain archaea

Archaebacteria

Kingdom/s under domain eukarya

Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia

MICRO C2 Flashcards

(65 cards)