MICRO C1

Question 1

This field of science is all about microorganisms

Answer 1

Microbiology

Question 2

Microbes are a diverse group of generally minute, simple life-forms that include:

Answer 2

Bacteria
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
Archaea
Viruses

Question 3

2 interconnected themes that the science of microbiology revolves around

Answer 3

1. Understanding the nature and functioning of the microbial world
2. Applying our understanding of the microbial world for the benefit of humankind and planet earth

Question 4

Earth is how many billion years old?

Answer 4

4.6 BYO

Question 5

Evidence shows that microbial cells first appeared between…?

Answer 5

3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago

Question 6

Group of cells derived from a single parental cell by successive cell divisions

Answer 6

Population

Question 7

Immediate environment in which microbial population lives

Answer 7

Habitat

Question 8

Populations if cells interact with other populations

Answer 8

Microbial communities

Question 9

In the human body alone, microbial cells…

Answer 9

Outnumber our body cells by a factor of 10

Question 10

Microorganisms that live in extreme environments

Answer 10

Extremophiles

Question 11

Microbe that live in extreme heat

Answer 11

Hyperthermophile (archaea)

Question 12

Microbe that lives in extreme cold

Answer 12

Psychrophile (bacteria)

Question 13

Microbe that lives in low pH

Answer 13

Acidophile (archaea)

Question 14

Microbe that lives in high pH

Answer 14

Alkaliphile (archaea)

Question 15

Microbe that lives in extreme pressure

Answer 15

Barophile (piezophile)
(bacteria)

Question 16

Microbe that lives in extreme salt

Answer 16

Halophile (archaea)

Question 17

Live in close association with bacteria that form structures called nodules on their roots

Answer 17

Legumes

Question 18

Process of nitrogen fixation of bacteria in legumes

Answer 18

Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) in order for the plant to utilize it

Question 19

Impact or microorganisms on humans:

Answer 19

Produce valuable human products
Generate energy
Clean up the environment

Question 20

Major agricultural importance in agriculture…

Answer 20

Microorganisms that inhabit the rumen or ruminant animals, such as cattle and sheep

Question 21

Microbial ecosystem in which large population of microorganisms digest and ferment the polysaccharide cellulose

Answer 21

Rumen

Question 22

Microbial cell pH level and microbe growth

Answer 22

• Stomach (pH 2) = low
• Small intestine (pH 5) = about 108/g
• Colon (pH 7) - maximal numbers

Question 23

A group of archaea that produces methane (CH4) through anaerobic metabolism

Answer 23

Methanogens

Question 24

Microorganisms can be used to clean up pollution in a process called?

Answer 24

Bioremediation

Question 25

Elements of microbial structure

Answer 25

Cell wall Cytoplasmic membrane Nucleoid Cytoplasm Plasmid Ribosomes

Question 26

Separates the inside of the cell from the outside

Answer 26

Cytoplasmic membrane

Question 27

An aqueous mixture of macromolecules—proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides—small organic molecules, various inorganic ions, and ribosomes

Answer 27

Cytoplasm

Question 28

Lends structural strength to a cell; is a relatively permeable structure located outside the membrane

Answer 28

Cell wall

Question 29

Circular, double stranded piece of DNA, not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Answer 29

Nucleoid

Question 30

The genome of bacteria and archaea is…

Answer 30

A closed circular chromosome

Question 31

Small, circular, independent double-stranded DNA molecule. Can frequently be transmitted from one bacterium to the another

Answer 31

Plasmid

Question 32

Has a single circular chromosome of 4,639,221 base pairs of DNA arranged into 4288 genes

Answer 32

Escherichia coli

Question 33

A human cell contains over 1000 times as much DNA and about 7 times as many genes as this microorganism

Answer 33

E. coli

Question 34

Activities of microbial cells

Answer 34

Growth Metabolism Differentiation Evolution Motility Communication

Question 35

Is an illness from an infection with the RABV virus

Answer 35

Rabies

Question 36

Is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect your lungs or other organs

Answer 36

Tuberculosis

Question 37

First to describe microorganisms in his famous book micrographia where he illustrated the fruiting structures of mold

Answer 37

Robert Hooke

Question 38

The first person to see bacteria

Answer 38

Antoni van Leewenhoek

Question 39

Constructed extremely simple microscopes containing a single lens to examine various natural substances for microorganisms

Answer 39

Antoni van Leewenhoek

Question 40

botanist, and his interests in microscopy led him to the study of unicellular algae and later to bacteria, including large sulfur bacterium Beggiatoa

Answer 40

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 41

Effective methods for preventing the contamination of culture media, such as the use of cotton for closing flasks and tubes

Answer 41

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 42

First medical microbiologist

Answer 42

Robert Koch

Question 43

Made rapid progress in the isolation and characterization of several disease-causing bacteria.

Answer 43

Robert Koch

Question 44

Associate of Robert Koch, developed the transparent, double-sided dish that quickly became the standard tool for obtaining culture

Answer 44

Richard Petri (petri dish!)

Question 45

Initiated studies on the mechanism of the alcoholic fermentation, which in the nineteenth century was assumed to be a strictly chemical process

Answer 45

Louis Pasteur

Question 46

What year did Louis Pasteur counter their objection simply and brilliantly by constructing a swan-necked flask, now called a Pasteur flash

Answer 46

1864

Question 47

Louis Pasteur also developed…

Answer 47

Vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

Question 48

First administration of a rabies vaccine to a human

Answer 48

July 1885

Question 49

Pasteur’s fame from his rabies research was legendary and led the french government to establish…

Answer 49

Pasteur Institute in Paris in 1888

Question 50

Anthrax, a disease of cattle and occasionally humans, is caused by an endospore forming bacterium called

Answer 50

Bacillus anthracis

Question 51

If a bacteria is grown away from other bacteria, it is called…?

Answer 51

Pure culture

Question 52

Minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

Answer 52

Microbes