A Level PE > Energy Systems > Flashcards

Energy Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

what is ATP

A
  • the energy currency of the body
  • the only usable form of energy for muscular contraction
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3
Q

Adenosine triphosphate structure

A
  • Adenosine - p - p - p
  • high energy bonds between phosphate groups
  • it is a compound
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4
Q

where is ATP stored

A
  • muscle cells
  • stored in small quantities
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5
Q

what enzyme breaks ATP down

A

ATPase

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6
Q

what is left when ATP is broken down

A
  • ADP + Pi + Energy
  • energy used for muscle contraction
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7
Q

what type of reaction occurs when ATP is broken down

A

exothermic

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8
Q

how is ATP resynthesized

A

energy + ADP + Pi = ATP

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9
Q

what type of reaction happens when ATP is resynthesised

A

endothermic

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10
Q

what type of reaction is it when ATP can be broken down and resynthesised

A

reversible reaction

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11
Q

how is energy released in the breakdown of ATP

A
  • through breakdown of fuels
  • PC
  • glycogen
  • fats
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12
Q

enzyme

A
  • a catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
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13
Q

ADP

A
  • adenosine diphosphate
  • compound formed when terminal phosphate bond is removed from ATP
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14
Q

Exothermic reaction

A
  • reaction that gives out energy
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15
Q

Example of exothermic reaction

A
  • breakdown of ATP
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16
Q

Endothermic reaction

A
  • reaction that takes in energy
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17
Q

Example of endothermic reaction

A
  • resynthesis of ATP
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18
Q

what is the energy released from ATP used for

A

muscle contraction

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19
Q

how much ATP can the body store

A
  • limited supply
  • enough for 2-3 seconds of contraction
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20
Q

what does the body have to ensure it has enough ATP for muscle contraction

A
  • 3 methods of continually resynthesizing ATP
  • 3 energy systems
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21
Q

3 energy systems

A
  • ATP-PC system (phosphocreatine system)
  • Glycolytic system (Lactic acid system)
  • Aerobic system
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22
Q

ATP-PC system - type of reaction

A

anaerobic

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23
Q

ATP-PC system - fuel used

A

PC/phosphocreatine

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24
Q

ATP-PC system - specific site of reaction

A

sarcoplasm

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25
ATP-PC system - controlling enzyme
- creatine kinase - ATPase
26
ATP-PC system - ATP yield
1:1 - 1 ATP
27
ATP-PC system - by products
- Pi + C - no fatiguing effects
28
ATP-PC system - intensity of system
very high intensity
29
ATP-PC system - predominant fibre type
fast twitch type IIb
30
ATP-PC - duration of system
- 2-10 seconds - system kicks in once stored ATP is used and levels of ADP increase
31
ATP-PC system - individual sporting example
gymnastics vault
32
ATP-PC system - team sporting example
hockey - sprinting as number 1 on shot corner
33
ATP-PC system - recovery process
EPOC
34
ATP-PC system - Reaction 1 (involving creatine kinase)
PC - (creatine kinase) - pi + c + energy
35
ATP-PC system - what type of reaction is reaction 1
exothermic
36
ATP-PC system - reaction 2
ADP + Pi - ATP
37
ATP-PC system - type of reaction 2
Endothermic
38
advantages of ATP - PC system
- PC is readily available - anaerobic so no need to wait for O2 to be available - simple and quick process - no fatiguing by-products (lactic acid) - recovery rate is very fast to resynthesise PC stores
39
disadvantage of ATP-PC system
- limited stores of PC - only enough for up to 10 seconds of activity - low ATP yield - 1:1 ratio (1 mole of PC releases through energy to resynthesise 1 mole of ATP)
40
Coupled reaction
products of 1 reaction are linked to a 2nd reaction
41
All 3 energy systems are coupled - what does this mean
- they all provide energy to resynthesise ADP back to ATP
42
example of a coupled reaction -
PC provides energy to resynthesise ADP back into ATP
43
Importance of ATP -
- energy from breakdown of ATP - is only usable form of energy for muscular contraction
44
ATP - positives
- stored in the muscle cell - only usable form of energy for muscular contraction - exothermic reaction - breakdown of ATP is a reversible reaction - it can be resynthesised - enzymes act as catalysts to speed up reactions
45
ATP - negatives
- only stored in small quantities - no ATP = no energy for muscle contraction = muscle fatigue - endothermic - only lasts 2-3 seconds - resynthesis of ATP is dependent upon energy supplied from 3 energy systems
46
recovery rate to resynthesise ATP from PC stores
- 50% in 30 seconds - 100% in 2-3 minutes
47
glycolytic system - type of reaction
anaerobic
48
glycolytic system - fuel used
glycogen/glucose
49
glycolytic system - site of reaction
sarcoplasm
50
glycolytic system - controlling enzyme
- GPP - PFK - LDH
51
glycolytic system - ATP yield
2 ATP
52
glycolytic system - by-products
lactic acid
53
glycolytic system - reaction 1
- Glycogen - GPP - glucose - PFK - Pyruvic acid + energy - ( pyruvic acid also - LDH - lactic acid)
54
glycolytic system - reaction 2
energy (from glucose) + 2ADP + 2Pi = 2ATP
55
glycolytic system - intensity of system
high intensity
56
glycolytic system - fibre type
- FG IIb - FOG IIa
57
glycolytic system - duration of system
10-180 seconds
58
glycolytic system - what is duration of system dependent upon
- intensity of exercise - concentration of lactic acid
59
glycolytic system - sporting example from individual activity
- tennis singles: a long sprint rally on a hard court
60
glycolytic system - sporting example from team game
- netball : centre player repeated sprints during play
61
glycolytic system - advanatges
- large supplies of glucose and glycogen available - anaerobic = no need to wait for O2 to be available - relatively few reactions so relatively quick and simple - allows high intensity work for up to 3 minutes - resynthesises 100% more ATP than ATP-PC system - lactic acid can be converted back to liver glycogen during recovery in a process called the Cori cycle
62
glycolytic system - disadvantages
- build up of lactic acid = fatiguing by product which : - increases acidity and lowers pH - inhibits enzyme action of GPP and PFK - stimulates pain receptors giving feeling of 'heavy legs' - 1:2 ratio ( compared to 1:38 for aerobic system) - recovery rate is slow - it can take up to 1hr+ for lactate levels to return to resting values after strenuous activity
63
glycolytic system - anaerobic glycolysis
- breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid and energy - no oxygen = fatiguing by-product of O2
64
aerobic system - type of reaction
aerobic
65
aerobic system - fuel used
- glycogen - glucose - lipids
66
aerobic system - site of reaction
1. sarcoplasm 2. mitochondria matrix 3. mitochondria cristae
67
aerobic system - controlling enzymes
- GPP - PFK - lipases
68
aerobic system - by-products
- H20 = released as sweat - CO2 = expired via breathing - no fatiguing by-products
69
aerobic system - ATP yield
- 1:38 = 38 ATP for 1 mole of glucose
70
aerobic system - intensity
low/moderate intensity
71
aerobic system - duration
- high duration - aerobic system will continue to release energy to resynthesise ATP - until stores of glycogen are depleted
72
aerobic system - individual sporting example of system
marathon running
73
aerobic system - team sporting example
netball centre returning to centre circle after a goal is scored, and running up and down court, following play
74
aerobic system - 3 stages
- aerobic glycolysis (sarcoplasm) - Kreb's cycle (matrix) - ETC (cristae)
75
aerobic system - recovery
ergogenic aids - nutritional
76
aerobic system - predominant fibre type
ST type I
77
aerobic system - aerobic glycolysis
- glycogen - GPP - glucose - PFK - pyruvic acid + energy + coezyme A - Acetyl CoA - energy released with pyruvic acid = 2ATP
78
aerobic system - Kreb's cycle
- Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetic acid - citric acid - 3 things happen
79
aerobic system - what 3 things happen in the Kreb's cycle
- oxidation = hydrogen atoms produced - Co2 produced and removed - energy is released = resynthesis of 2ATP - oxaloacetic acid is regenerated
80
aerobic system - ETC
- hydrogen splits into H+ atom and electron - H+ + O2 combine to form H2O - e- is carried by electron carriers NADH and FADH to release energy as 34 ATP is resynthesised - 38 ATP total
81
aerobic system - positives
- large glycogen/fat store readily available as energy source - good O2 supply = efficient ATP resynthesis - resynthesises 36-38 ATP from 1 mole glucose - no fatiguing by products as CO2/H2O easily removed - provides energy for low/mod and high duration exercise (3mins - hours)
82
aerobic system - negatives
- cannot work anaerobically - fats require 15% increase in O2 = lower intensity and duration before OBLA - increased complex reactions delay O2 transport - slower resynthesis of ATP - cannot resynthesise ATP at the start of work - cannot provide ATP during high intensity work
83
energy continuum
- relative % contribution of each energy system - to provide energy to resynthesise ATP
84
what is energy continuum dependent upon
- intensity and duration of activity - during activity performers will be using a mix of all 3 energy systems at any 1 point - 1/more systems may be predominant and 1 system may take over from another
85
how predominant are anaerobic energy systems throughout exercise
- start of high (90%) - decreases down to 1%
86
how predominant is the aerobic energy system in exercise
- starts of lower (10%) - increases up to 99% as exercise continues
87
Sports that use predominantly aerobic system and why
- marathon - Low intensity - high duration
88
Sports that use predominantly ATP-PC energy system and why
- 100 metres - High intensity - low duration
89
Sports that use a 50-50 mix of all 3 energy systems and why
- football - hockey - games/racquet player - elements of high intensity sprinting - low intensity jogging
90
threshold
- the point where the predominant energy system providing energy to synthesis ATP - switches over by another energy system
91
ATP-PC system - intensity + duration
- very high intensity - low duration (8-10 secs)
92
LA/glycolytic system duration and intensity
- high intensity - low duration (10-180 seconds)
93
O2 energy system duration and intensity
- low/moderate intensity - high duration (3 mins +)
94
Recovery periods -
- during these periods O2 system is predominant
95
what is the O2 used for in recovery periods
- increases recovery (fast stage of EPOC) to: - replenish ATP & PC stores - (50% in 30 seconds, 100% in 180 seconds) - replenish myoglobin and haemoglobin with O2 - being to remove low levels of lactic acid (slow stage of EPOC)
96
when do recovery periods occur
- recovery breaks e.g - - half time in football - rolling subs in basketball - change ends in tennis - tactics to allow recovery (zone vs full press in basketball) - allow athletes to rehydrate & replenish glycogen stores (drink isotonic drinks, Lucozade - sport/Powerade - allows performers to re-use ATP/PC system again for repeated bouts of high intensity work & delay fatigue
97
other factors affecting interplay of 3 energy systems
- recovery periods - availability of food fuels - fitness levels
98
availability of food fuels -
- Glycogen major fuel = in 1st 20/45 mins - Mix of glycogen and fat fuel used after 45 mins - increased stores of muscle glycogen will increase duration a performer can work using O2 system - decrease glycogen stores so increased use of fat as fuel - fat requires 15% increase in O2 to break it down - performer must work at decreased intensity of work once OBLA reached - body has less O2 available to burn fats and break down glycogen anaerobically - increasing OBLA and muscle onset of fatigue
99
advantages of having an increased aerobic fitness
- increased efficiency of CV and Resp systems/fitness, e.g cardiac hypertrophy - increased O2 transport and increased O2 use by muscles - increased VO2 max = increased duration and intensity work using O2 systems (85% trained vs 50% untrained) - due to delayed lactate threshold, OBLA and muscle fatigue and decreases use of anaerobic systems - due to decreased rate of LA removal - earlier switch/use of O2 systems and increased use of fats at higher intensity saving glycogen for LA system - due to increased availability of O2 - increasing recovery from and re-use of anaerobic systems
100
advantages of increased anaerobic fitness
- increased PC and glycogen stores - increased buffering to lactic acid - increased anaerobic enzymes = delayed anaerobic threshold so athlete can work at higher intensity for longer
101
intermittent exercise
- exercise where intensity and duration repeatedly varies between max to submaximal to rest
102
example of intermittent exercise
- netball/HIIT session - football = pending position: - runs approx 13km - 90 mins duration and 200 short sprints
103
intermittent exercise - benefits
- built in recovery periods - e.g injury break, time out, ball out of play, time out - 1/2 time injuries, VAR, substitutions, extra time
104
Intermittent exercise - interplay
- intermittent sports require the use and training of all 3 energy systems for maximum efficiency - ATP/PC - short sprints - LA - longer/repeated sprints - O2 - jogging & all recovery periods
105
Process - O2 system breaking down fats as an energy fuel
- Lipase enzymes speeds up break down of FFA's - producing FFAs and glycerol - FFAs converted to acetyl CoA - Acetyl CoA enters Kreb's cycle & ETC
106
Advantages of O2 system breakdown of fats as an energy fuel
- FFAs produce more acetyl CoA and an increase in pyruvic acid - producing s higher ATP yield than that of glycogen - allow increased glycogen stores to be conserved for high intensity bursts later in the performance
107
disadvantages of using O2 system for breakdown of fats as an E - fuel
- process of breaking down FFAs into acetyl CoA is very slow - requires 15% more O2 than the process of aerobic glycolysis
108
Lactate threshold and OBLA
- as exercise intensity increases the use of the glycolytic system and the concentration of Lactic acid increases in the blood
109
lactate threshold
- sudden and dramatic increase in lactate - point where lactate production exceeds its removal - aerobic system cannot supply energy quick enough & switches to the LA/Glycolytic system
110
OBLA
- onset blood lactate accumulation - intensity of exercise where blood lactate concentration reaches 4mmol/l - value whereafter performers will begin to feel fatigued - normal resting level - 1-2mmol/litre of blood
111
A Level PE
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