A Level PE > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

(138 cards)

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1
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A
  • breathing air into and out of the lungs
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2
Q

gaseous exchange

A
  • external respiration
  • internal respiration
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3
Q

external respiration

A
  • gaseous exchange of O2 and CO2
  • between the lungs and blood
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4
Q

Internal respiration

A
  • exchange of O2 and CO2
  • between blood and muscle tissues
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5
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • O2 is used to breakdown glucose into Co2 & H20
  • during aerobic respiration
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6
Q

Inspiration - rest and exercise muscles

A
  • external intercostals
  • diaphragm
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7
Q

inspiration - exercise only muscles

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes
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8
Q

Expiration - when active

A
  • only during exercise
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9
Q

expiration muscles - at rest (relaxing)

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
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10
Q

expiration muscles - exercise only

A
  • internal intercostals
  • rectus abdominus
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11
Q

Mechanics of respiration

A
  • named muscles (contracting or relaxing)
  • movement (ribs, sternum, abdomen)
  • causing thoracic cavity volume to change
  • lung air pressure changes
  • inspiration or exportation
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12
Q

Mechanics of breathing : inspiration at rest

A
  • active
  • diaphragm contract
  • external intercostals contract
  • ribs move upwards & outwards
  • volume thoracic cavity increase
  • lung air pressure decreases
  • inspiration = tidal volume
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13
Q

Mechanics of breathing : expiration at rest

A
  • passive
  • external intercostals relax
  • diaphragm relax
  • diaphragm pushed up
  • ribs pulled down and in
  • volume of thoracic cavity decreases
  • lung air pressure increases
  • expiration
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14
Q

Mechanics of breathing : inspiration during exercise

A
  • diaphragm contract with more force
  • external intercostals contract with more force
  • sternocleidomastoid contract
  • scalenes contract
  • ribs and thoracic cavity move further up and out
  • volume of thoracic cavity increases further
  • lung air pressure decreased further
  • more air rushes in
  • greater tidal volume / depth of breathing
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15
Q

Mechanics of breathing : expiration during exercise

A
  • active
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • external intercostals relaxes
  • internal intercostals contract
  • rectus abdominus contact
  • diaphragm pushed up
  • ribs pulled down and in quicker
  • volume of thoracic cavity decreased quicker
  • air pressure in lungs increases quicker
  • more air is forced out
  • increased frequency of breathing
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16
Q

how is oxygen transported around the body

A
  • 97% = in red blood cells as oxyhaemoglobin
  • 3% blood plasma
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17
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

HbO2

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18
Q

haemoglobin

A
  • protein molecule
  • packed within red blood cells
  • which can carry oxygen
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19
Q

haemoglobin structure

A
  • 4 haem groups
  • each group transports O2
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20
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported

A
  • 23% in haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin
  • 7% dissolved in plasma
  • 70% combined with water within red blood cells as carbonic acid
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21
Q

carbaminohaemoglobin

A

HbCO2

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22
Q

gaseous exchange

A
  • refers to the exchange of gases
  • namely CO2 and O2
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23
Q

what process does gas exchange rely on

A
  • diffusion
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24
Q

diffusion

A
  • gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
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25
diffusion gradient
- difference between the high and low pressure
26
the greater/steeper the diffusion gradient ...
- the greater the diffusion - and therefore gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
27
partial pressure
- the pressure a gas exerts - within a mixture of gases
28
oxygenated blood - partial pressures
- high pp O2 - low pp CO2
29
deoxygenated blood - partial pressures
- low pp O2 - high pp CO2
30
external respiration of oxygen - partial pressures
- high pp of O2 in alveoli - low pp of O2 in alveoli capillary
31
external respiration of carbon dioxide - partial pressures
- high pp of CO2 in alveoli capillary - low pp of CO2 in alveoli
32
internal respiration of oxygen - partial pressures
- high pp of O2 in muscle capillary - low pp of O2 in muscle tissue
33
internal respiration of carbon dioxide - partial pressures
- high pp of CO2 in muscle tissue - high pp of CO2 in muscle capillary
34
external respiration
- respiration between lungs and capillaries
35
internal respiration
- respiration between muscle tissues and capillaries
36
where does external respiration take place
- alveolar capillary - between alveoli air - and blood in alveoli capillaries
37
movement in external respiration
- O2 in alveoli diffuses into capillary blood - CO2 in blood diffuses into alveoli
38
why does oxygen move how it moves in external respiration
- pp of O2 in alveoli is higher than the pp of O2 in the blood - so O2 diffuses into blood
39
why does carbon dioxide move how it moves in external respiration
- pp of CO2 is higher in the blood than pp of CO2 in the alveoli - so CO2 diffuses in the alveoli
40
internal respiration - where
- muscle capillary - between the muscle cell and blood in muscle capillaries
41
internal respiration - movement
- O2 in blood diffuses to muscle - CO2 in muscle diffuses to blood
42
internal respiration - why does O2 move how it does
- pp of O2 in blood is higher than pp of O2 in muscle tissue - so O2 diffuses into the myoglobin within the tissues
43
internal respiration - why does CO2 move the way it does
- pp of CO2 in tissue is higher than pp of CO2 in blood - so CO2 diffuses into capillary blood
44
what kind of blood is entering in external respiration
deoxygenated
45
blood O2 pp in external respiration
low
46
blood CO2 pp - external respiration
high
47
alveoli O2 pp - external respiration
high
48
alveoli CO2 pp - external respiration
low
49
external respiration - dissociation =
CO2 to alveoli
50
external respiration - association =
O2 to blood/hb
51
internal respiration - blood entering
oxygenated
52
blood O2 pp - internal respiration
high
53
blood CO2 pp - internal respiration
low
54
muscle O2 pp - internal respiration
low
55
muscle CO2 pp - internal respiration
high
56
dissociation - internal respiration =
O2 to muscle tissue
57
association - internal respiration =
CO2 to blood/HB
58
why does external and internal respiration increase during exercise
- to increase the supply of oxygen - to working muscles
59
oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve
- informs us of the amount of haemoglobin saturated with oxygen
60
associated haemoglobin =
- haemoglobin fully bound with oxygen - or known as saturated
61
dissociated haemoglobin =
- oxygen unloading from haemoglobin - unsaturated
62
oxygen dissociation curve - resting conditions - in lungs
- normal O2 pp 100mmHg in lungs - almost 100% saturation
63
oxygen dissociation curve - resting conditions - in tissues
- normal O2 in tissues at 40mmHg - 75% saturation
64
oxygen dissociation curve - resting conditions - body temperature
37/38 degrees
65
oxygen dissociation curve - resting conditions - blood pH
7.4
66
the higher pp O2 ...
the higher the % of O2 associated with haemoglobin
67
how much oxygen has dissociated from haemoglobin in tissues/muscles
25%
68
to maintain supply of O2 to working muscles during exercise where does association of O2 & Hb take place
- alveoli capillaries/lungs
69
to maintain supply of O2 to working muscles during exercise where does dissociation of O2 from Hb take place
- muscle tissues/capillaries
70
when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right approximately how much O2 is saturated with HB
50 %
71
a shift of oxygen dissociation curve to the right represents what -
- greater dissociation of oxygen - hence more oxygen unloading from the Hb in the blood to the muscle cells
72
75% O2 - Hb association =
25 % dissociation
73
50 % O2-Hb association =
50 % dissociation
74
during exercise skeletal muscles use more O2 for what (external respiration)
- to provide energy
75
during exercise skeletal muscles use more CO2 - why (external respiration)
- as a by-product - due to using more O2
76
during exercise why is the blood returning to the lungs more deoxygenated (external respiration)
- as skeletal muscles use more O2 to provide energy - and produce greater CO2 as a by-product
77
what does deoxygenated blood have (external respiration)
- a higher pp of CO2 - lower pp of O2 - compared with that at rest
78
during exercise what happens to the pp of alveolar air (external respiration)
remains constant
79
alveolar air remains constant during exercise, what does this increase (external respiration)
- the 2 diffusion gradients between O2 and CO2
80
as the blood is more deoxygenated during exercise - pp - O2 in alveolar capillaries (external respiration)
- lower than at rest
81
as blood is more deoxygenated during exercise - pp - CO2 in alveolar capillaries (external respiration)
- higher than at rest
82
during exercise due to lower pp of O2 in alveoli capillaries and a higher pp CO2 in capillaries what is the net effect (external respiration)
- increased association of O2 from alveoli to capillary blood - increased dissociation of CO2 from capillary blood into alveoli
83
during internal respiration - a greater oxygen dissociation in the muscle is required for what
- to increase the supply of O2 to the working muscles
84
what are the 4 factors which effect the shifting the dissociation curve to the right
- increase muscle/blood temperature - decrease in pp O2 : within muscle to increase the muscle O2 diffusion gradient - increase in pp CO2 to increase the CO2 diffusion gradienr - Bohr effect : decreases pH
85
net effect of the 4 factors helping to shift the dissociation curve to the right
- increased dissociation of O2 from blood/Hb in capillaries to muscle - increases the supply of O2 to the working muscles - and delays fatigue
86
external respiration during exercise - blood entering
more deoxygenated
87
external respiration during exercise - blood pp O2
lower
88
external respiration during exercise - blood CO2 pp
higher
89
external respiration during exercise - alveoli O2 pp
high
90
external respiration during exercise - alveoli CO2 pp
low
91
external respiration - diffusion gradient - dissociation = during exercise =
increased dissociation of CO2 to alveoli
92
external respiration - diffusion gradient - association - during exercise =
increased association of O2 to blood
93
internal respiration - during exercise - blood entering
oxygenated
94
internal respiration - during exercise - muscle O2 pp
lower
95
internal respiration - during exercise - muscle CO2 pp
higher
96
internal respiration - during exercise - pH
decreases
97
internal respiration - during exercise - temperature
increases
98
internal respiration - during exercise - diffusion rate
increases
99
internal respiration - during exercise - all factors 1-4
- increase dissociation in HbO2 - increase oxygen to muscle tissue cells
100
internal respiration - during exercise - increased association
- increased Co2 and Hb to blood
101
tidal volume
- the volume of air inspired/expired in one breath
102
tidal volume resting value
500 ml per breath
103
frequency
- number of breaths in 1 minute
104
frequency resting values
12/15 per minute
105
minute ventilation / VE
- the volume of air inspired/expired in 1 minute
106
VE resting value
7 Lmin
107
calculation between - TV , F , VE
TV x F = VE
108
relationship between - TV, F, VE
if TV or F increase ... VE increases
109
Tidal volume value - maximal exercise untrained
- 2/3 L
110
Tidal volume value - maximal exercise trained
- up to 3.5 L
111
Frequency value - maximal exercise untrained
- increases to 20-50 per minute
112
Frequency value - maximal exercise trained
- increases up to 60 per minute
113
VE value - maximal exercise - untrained
100-150 Lmin
114
VE value - maximal exercise - trained
180 -210 Lmin
115
3 neural receptors
- baroreceptors - proprioceptors - chemoreceptors
116
baroreceptors - during exercise
- lung stretch receptors - detect initial increase in blood pressure - detects changes in blood pressure - detects increase stretch due to inspiration
117
proprioreceptors - during exercise
- detect increase in motor movement - from joints/muscles
118
chemoreceptors - during exercise
- increases ppCO2 - decreases O2 - decreases pH
119
what do the 3 neural receptors send a signal to
- autonomic nervous system - medulla oblongata - which organise a response via : - respiratory control centre - inspiratory cc - expiratory cc
120
what does the RCC stimulate during exercise
- Sympathetic nervous system - para sympathetic nervous system
121
Respiratory control centre
inspiratory centres expiratory centres
122
what does the sympathetic nervous system do during exercise
- stimulates ICC & ECC to - stimulate the phrenic and intercostal nerves - to increase frequency rate - to increase depth (TV) - of breathing
123
what is the phrenic nerve for
diaphragm
124
what additional muscles are stimulated during exercise in inspiration for a greater TV and depth to increase VE
- sternocleidomastoid - pectoralis minor
125
what additional muscles are stimulated during exercise in expiration (RCC)
- rectus abdominus - internal intercostals
126
during recovery in exercise what does the para sympathetic nervous system stimulate
- ICC and ECC to - DECREASES stimulation of respiratory muscles - to decrease TV and F - to decrease VE
127
prior to exercise, what happens
- anticipatory rise - slight increase in VE
128
why & how does the anticipatory rise and slight increase in VE occur
- adrenalin (hormonal control) released - prior to exercise
129
at the start of exercise describe what happens
- rapid increase in VE - from 7Lm - due to increase in TV/F - as exercise starts
130
why & how does this happen at the start of exercise
- due to neural BCP stimulation via medulla oblongata - proprioceptors - detect motion - chemoreceptors - detect decrease in pH and O2 pp & increase in CO2 pp - baroreceptors - detect initial increase in blood pressure - MO stimulates RCC via parasympathetic NS - RCC stimulates respiratory muscles to increase TV/F
131
describe what happens at sub - max exercise
- VE plateaus / levels out - TV max / increase in F - VE = 80/100 Lm
132
why & how does this happen at sub-max exercise
- increases TV (max) and F of breathing - by maintained BCP and RCC stimulation - as O2 supply = demand for sub-max work for muscles to continue working
133
describe what happens at max values during exercise
- slower increase in VE - towards max values - 150-180 Lm
134
why & how does this happen at max values
- increased BCP, RCC & SNS (N) stimulation - to increase anaerobic exercise to increase O2 demands - increases RCC stimulation to all additional respiratory muscles - max intensity work = quicker muscle fatigue
135
describe what happens at recovery immediate
- rapid decrease in VE - after exercise stops
136
how and why does this happen at recovery
- due to a decrease in all factors causing VE to increase - decrease in BCP stimulation to medulla oblongata - decrease in RCC stimulation (para-sympathetic NS) - decreased stimulation to respiratory muscles
137
describe what happens at later recovery
- slower decrease towards resting values - longer in max intensity work
138
how and why does this happen in later recovery
- to repay the O2 debt (EPOC) - CO2 and replenish O2/ATP/PC stores - greater EPOC = longer recovery after higher intensity anaerobic work - as there's more lactic acid to remove
A Level PE
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