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feet Flashcards

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1
Q

function of bones of foot

A
  • mechanical support for soft tissues
  • help foot withstand weight of body standing and in motion
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2
Q

what 3 groups are bones of foot split into

A
  • tarsals –7 irregular bones
  • metatarsals – 5
  • phalangest – proximal, intermediate, distal
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3
Q

what are the 3 regions of the foot

A
  1. hindfoot: talus and calcaneus
  2. midfoot – navicular cuboid and cuneiform
  3. forefoot – metatarsals and phalanges
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4
Q

describe the bones of the proximal group of tarasal bones

A
  • talus: most superior, transmits weight o body to foot
  • calcaneus: largest tarsal bone, calcaneal tuberosity
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5
Q

what are the articulations of the talus

A
  • sup: ankle joint (talus and tibia/fibula)
  • inf: subtalar joint (talus and calcaneus)
  • ant: talonavicular joint (talus and navicular)
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6
Q

articulations of calcaneus

A
  • sup: subtalar (talcalcaneal joint)
  • ant: calcaneocuboid
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7
Q

name the intermediate tarsal bones

A

navicular (boat shaped) – has tuberosity for tibialis post tendon

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8
Q

name the distal group of tarsal bones (4)

A
  • cuboid
  • cuneiform: medial (tibialis ant, tibialis post, fibularis longus), lateral (flexor hallucis brevis)
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9
Q

metatarsals

A
  • proximally – tarsometatarsal
  • laterally – intermetatarsal joints
  • distal – metatarsophalangeal joint
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10
Q

phalanges

A
  • have proximal, middle and distal
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11
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the foot

A
  • ant, post, lat compartment of leg
  • responsible for eversion, inversion, plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
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12
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of foot

A
  • fine motor actions of the foot
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13
Q

what are the 2 intrinsic muscles in the dorsum of foot

A
  • extensor digitorum brevis
  • extensor hallucis brevis
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14
Q

what are the 2 extrinsic muscles of foot innervated by

A
  • deep fibular nerve
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15
Q

what are the 10 intrinsic muscles in the plantar aspect of the foot

A

in 4 layers
layer 1(3): abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, avductor digiti minimi,
layer 2 (2): quadratus plantae and lumbricals
layer 3 (3): flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis
layer 4 (2): plantar interossei, dorsal interossei

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16
Q

what is plantar fascitis

A
  • orthopedic condition that affects the feet (heel)
  • characterized by inflammation and irritation of plantar fascia (thick band of tissue that runs along bottom of foot)
  • plays supporting arch of foot and absorbing shock of activities like walking, running, standing
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17
Q

what cause plantar fascitis

A
  • excessive load
  • biomechanical issues
  • tight calf muscles
  • sudden changes in activity
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18
Q

signs of plantar fascitis

A
  • pain w first steps
  • pain after activity
  • stabiing sensation
  • tenderness
  • reduced ROM
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19
Q

tx for plantar fascitis

A
  • rest
  • ice
  • stretching
  • orthotic/shoe stuff
  • footwear w arches
  • anti inflammatory meds
  • steroid
  • EXWT
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20
Q

plantar fascitis and massage

A

benefits
- pain relief
- improved circulation
- muscle relaxation
- decreased inflammation
- stress reduction
- enhanced ROM

risks
- pressure sensitivity expecially on heel
- injury risk
- infection risk
- deep tissue massage caution

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21
Q

what is achilles tendonitis

A
  • inflammation and irritation of achilles tendon
  • normally faciliating movement, helps people push off toes when walking running jumping
  • when tendon becomes overused, strained or injured (pain and discomfort in lower legs and heel)
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22
Q

what causes achilles tendonitis

A
  • repetitive stress
  • tightness
  • sudden increases in activity
  • improper footwear
  • biomechanical issues
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23
Q

signs of achilles tendonitis

A
  • pain
  • stiffness
  • swelling
  • warmth
  • thickening
  • weakness
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24
Q

tx for achilles tendonitis

A
  • rest
  • ice
  • compression
  • elevation
  • stretching/strengthening
  • NSAIDS
  • heel lifts
  • casting/bracing
  • ESWT
  • PRP therapy
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25
massage and achilles tendonitis
benefits - pain relief - improved circulation - muscle relaxation - reduced inflammation - stress reduction risks - pressure sensitivity - injury risk - infection risk - deep tissuue massage caution
26
signs of bunions
- pain - swelling - redness - restricted toe movement - corns and calluses - burning/numbness - toe overlapping
27
what causes bunions
1. genetics 2. improper footwear 3. foot structure 4. inflammatory conditions
28
massage and bunions
benefits - pain relief - improved circulation - muscle relaxation - reduced inflammation - stress reduction risks - pressure sensitivity - injury risk - infection risk - specific foot manipulation
29
what is a hammer toe
- claw toe - common deformity of toes shown by abnormal bending or curvature of 1+ smaller toes 2-5 toes resemble hammer or claw
30
what causes hammer toe
- footwear : too tight or narrow - toe length - arthritis - foot structure
31
signs of hammer toes
- toe deformity - pain -corns and calluses - difficulty moving toe - swelling
32
massage nad hammer toe
benefits - ppain relief - improved circulation - muscle rleaxation - stress reduction risks - pressure sensitivity - injury risk - infection risk
33
what is mortons neuroma
- interdigital neuroma - condition that affects nerves in between toes - typically 3-4 toes - from thickening sue around one of nerves leading to toes - feels like pebble or small stone inside the stone
34
what causes mortons neuroma
- footwear - foot structure - repetitive stress
35
signs of mortons neuroma
- pain - tingling/numbness - feelings of something in shoe - pain worsens with pressure - pain relief at rest
36
mortons neuroma and massage
benefits - pain relief - stress reduction - improved circulation risks - pressure sensitivity - injury risks - infection risks
37
what is metatarsalgia
- painful condition that affects metatarsal region of foot (ball of foot and base of toes) - pain and inflammation in metatarsal bones and surrounding soft tissues - acute or chronic caused by excessive pressure or overuse of metatarsal area
38
what causes metatarsalagia
- footwear w inadequate cushioning, improper fit, high heels - high impact activities - foot mechanic - weight
39
signs of metatarsalalgia
- pain - swelling - tenderness - discomfort w weight bearing - numbness and tingling
40
tx for metatarsalgia
- footwear - orthotic - padding - meds - pt - rest and ice - weight management
41
masssage and metatarsalgia
benefits - pain relief - improved circulation - muscle relaxation - stress reduction risks - pressure sensitvity - injury risk - infection risk
42
what is flat feet
- fallen arches or pes planus - absence or flattening of arches in feet - normally acts as natural shock absorber and helps distribute body weight evenly across foot
43
what causes flat feet
- muscular weakness - connective tissue disorders - injury or trauma - arthritis
44
signs of flat feet
- pain - fatigue - swelling - foot deformity - overpronation
45
massage and flat feet
benefits - pain relief - improved circulation - muscle relaxation - stress reduction risks - pressure sensitivity - injury risk - infection risk
46
what are high arches
- pes cavus or cavus foot - unusually high arches in foot - arches are significantly raised off ground when standing
47
what causes high arches
- neurological conditions - muscular imbalances - injury or trauma
48
signs of high arches
- foot pain - instability - clawed toes - calluses and corns - foot fatigue
49
massage and high arches
benefits - pain relief - muscle relaxation - stress reduction risks - pressure sensitivity - injury risk - infection risk
50
what are ingrown toe nails
- onychocryptosis - common and painful where edge or corner of toenail grows into surrounding skin instead of over it - results inredness, tenderness, swelling, can lead to infection if left untreated
51
what causes ingrown toenails
- improper nail trimming - tight shoes - injury
52
signs of ingrown toenails
- pain and tenderness - redness/swelling - infection - bleeding - difficulty walking
53
tx of ingrown toenail
- self care - antibiotics - nail trimming - surgery - partial nail removal
54
massage and ingrown toenails
benefits - pain relief - stress reduction - improved circulation risks - pressure sensitivity - infection risk - injury risk
55
what are corns and calluses
-corn: small localized areas of thickened skin that typically develop on tops or sides of toes, cornical in shape - calluses: larger, more widespread areas of thickened skin, bc of repeated pressure/friction, not painful but unsightly
56
what causes corns and calluses
- footwear - foot deformities - activities
57
signs of corns/calluses
- thickened skin - discoloration - pain - raised bump - flattened bump
58
massage and corns/calluses
benefits - impproved circulation - muscle relaxation - stress reduction - pain relief risks - pressure sensitivity - infection risk - injury risk
59
what is diabetic neuropathy
- type of nerve damage in people w diabetes - common complication w type 1 or type 2 - results from prolonged high blood sugar levels which injure nerves through body
60
what causes diabetic neuropathy
- high blood sugar levels - inflammation - blood vessel damage
61
signs of diabetic neuropathy
- peripheral neuropathy : most common, in extremities, numbness, tingling, burning sensation and pain less sensation and balance issues - autonomic neruopathy: ANS invulntary like digestion hr and bp, gas problems hr abnormalities sex dysfuntion hard to regulate body temp - proximally neuropathy : diabetic amyotrophy affects muscles in thighs/hips/butt, causes weakness pain and muscle wasting - focal neuropathy : sudden severe and localized pain muscle weakness and muscle atrophy
62
tx of diabetic neuropathy
- blood sugar control - pain management - pt - foot care - nerve pain tx
63
massage and diabetic neuropathy
benefits - pain relief - improved circulation - stress reduction - improved sleep risks - pressure sensitivity - skin integrity - temp sensitivity - infection risk
64
what is peripheral artery disease
- peripheral vascular disease - common circulatory condition where arteries that supply blood to extremities (legs) are narrowed or blocked - due to buildup of fatty deposits or atherosclerosis
65
what causes peripheral artery disease
- intermittent claudication: pain cramping discomfort in legs duirng physical activity - critical limb ischemia : several blocks in arteries lead to tissue damage, ulcers ,nonhealing wounds - gangrene: tissue death requires amputation
66
signs of peripheral artery disease
- claudication : pain cramping arching in legs, thighs butt - numbness/weakness - nonhealing wounds - changes in skin color - hair loss - shiny skin
67
massage and peripheral artery disease
benefits - improved circulation - pain relief - stress reduction - enhanced mobility risks - pressure sensitivity - skin integrity - temp sensitivity - thrombosis risk - complications w wounds or ulcers
68
what are fungal infections
- fungal nail infections, onychomycosis - common fungal infections. that affect nails - caused by various fungi (dermatophytes)
69
what are some examples of foot fungal infections
- athletes foot: one of most common, affects space between toes and soles, itching burning red peeling , caused by trichophyton and epidermophyton - toenail fungus: primarily affects toenails but involve fingernails (white or yellow spot under nail), nails become discolored thickened brittle and separate - moccasin foot: type of athletes foot that affects soles of feet and sides, starts w dry and scaling, pattern of moccasin, severe cracks - candidiasis (yeast infection): fungal infections affect skin between toes and cause itching redness and peeling, diabetes or weak immune systems - ringworm : associated w infections on body and feet, circular red itchy rash - jock itch : affects groin and inner thighs extend to feet, itching redness and rash - blister fungus: eczema and small itchy blisters on palms fingers and soles, filled w clear fluid and painful or cause skin to peel
70
what causes foot fungal infections
- fungal growth - skin or nail trauma - compromised immune system - poor circulation
71
signs of foot fungal infections
- nail changes - nail discomfort - scaling and itching - nail seperation - foul odor
72
tx for foot fungal
- tropical antifungal - oral antifungal - nail removal - laser therapy - proper foot hygiene - footwear
73
massage and foot fungal
benefits - pain relief - stress reduction - improved circulation risks - infection risks - skin integrity - pressure sensitivy - allergies
74
what are stress fractures
- hairline fracture, tiny crack/fissure in one of the bones of foot - occur as result of repetitive stress or overuse not trauma - in athletes or runers
75
what causes stress fractures in feet
- overuse - training errors - inadequate footwear - bone density
76
signs of foot stress fracture
- pain - swelling - tenderness - bruising - changes in gait
77
massage and foot stress fractures
benefits - pain relief - stress reduction - improved circulation risks - further injury - pain sensitivity - swelling and inflammation - bone healing
78
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