joints

Question 1

what are the two typees of classification?

Answer 1

• structural:whether the adjacent bones are strongly anchored to each other by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the adjacent bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled space called a joint cavity
• functional: degree of movement available between the bones, ranging from immobile, to slightly mobile, to freely moveable joints.

Question 2

what are the types of structural

Answer 2

• fibrous:where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.
• cartilaginous joint: the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. At a synovial joint, the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but instead come into contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid
• Synovial joints: allow for free movement between the bones and are the most common joints of the body.

Question 3

what are the types of functional

Answer 3

• synarthrosis or immobile joint
• amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint
• diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint

Question 4

types of synarthrosis

Answer 4

• immobile: strong union between bones
  ex
• sutures: fibrous joints between the bones of the skull that surround and protect the brain
• ## manubriosternal joint

Question 5

amphiarthrosis

Answer 5

• has limited mobility
• intervertebral disc strongly unites the vertebrae but still allows for a limited amount of movement between them
• pubic symphysis of the pelvis

Question 6

diarthrosis

Answer 6

all synovial
- niaxial joint only allows for a motion in a single plane (around a single axis) —– elbow
- A biaxial joint allows for motions within two planes. —– metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle joint) of the hand
- A joint that allows for the several directions of movement is called a multiaxial joint —- shoulder and hip joints

Question 7

what is a fibrous joint? (structural)

Answer 7

• adjacent bones directly connected by fibrous connective tissue
• bones dont have joint cavity between them
  3 types
  1. suture: narrow fibrous joint between bones of skull
  2. syndesmosis: bones are seperated but held together by ligament (narrow band of fibrous) or interosseous membrane
  3. gomphosis: narrow fibrous joint in teeth

Question 8

what is the functional classification of all fibrous joints?

Answer 8

1. sutures – synarthrosis
2. syndesmosis —amphiarthrosis
3. gomphosis – synarthrosis

Question 9

types of sutures

Answer 9

• sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoidal

Question 10

what is synostosis (sutures)

Answer 10

fusion between bones

Question 11

examples of syndesmosis

Answer 11

• held together by interosseous membrane
• radioulnar joint, distal tibiofibular joint
• site for muscle attachment

Question 12

gomphosis

Answer 12

• peg and socket joint
• periodontal ligament

Question 13

functional classification of cartilaginous joints? (2)

Answer 13

1. synchondrosis — synarthrosis
2. symphysis – amphiarthrosis

Question 14

what are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 14

• adjacent bones united by cartliage (tough and flexible connective tissue)

Question 15

what is a synchondrosis (cartilaginous)

Answer 15

• bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
• places where bones are united to cartilage structure
• can be temporary or permenant
  EX: ant end of rib and costal cartilage of thoracic cage, epiphyseal plate, 1st sternocostal joint

Question 16

what is a symphysis (cartilaginous joint)

Answer 16

• bones are joined by fibrocartilage (thick collagen fiber bundles)
• greater abilty to resist pulling and bending forces
• limited movement
  EX pubic symphysis, manubriosternal joint

Question 17

what are synovial joints?

Answer 17

• JOINT CAVITY
• fluid filled space where articulating surfaces contact each other
• not directly connected to each other w fibrous or cartilage
• gives abilyt to move smoothly against each other (additional joint mobility)

Question 18

what are some of the structural features of synovial joints?

Answer 18

• articular capsule: fibrous connective tissue attached to each bone just outside bones articulating surface
• articular cartilage: thin layer of hyaline that covers all of articulating surface and prevents friction
• synovial membrane: lining of inner surface of articular capsule
• synovial fluid: thick slimy fluid that provides lubrication to prevent friction, nourishes articular cartilage (doesnt have blood)
• connected by ligaments: allow normal movements and prevent excessive ROM
• extrinsic ligament: outside articular capsule
• intrinsic ligament: fused to wall of articular capsule
• intracapsular ligament: inside articular capsule

Question 19

what is an articular disc (synovial)

Answer 19

fibrocartilage structure located between articulating bones
- shock absorption and cushioning between bones

Question 20

what is a bursa (synovial)

Answer 20

• thin connective tissue sac filled w lubricating liquid
• where skin, ligaments, muscle or tendons rub against each other
  1. subcutaneous bursa: skin and underlying bone, prepatellar bursa over kneecap, olecranon bursa
  2. submuscular bursa: muscle and bone, trochanteric bursa
  3. subtendinous bursa: tendon nad bone, subacromial bursa

Question 21

what is a tendon sheath

Answer 21

• like a bursa but smaller
• connective tissue sac surrounds muscle tendon at places where tendon crosses joint
• lubricating fluid for smooth motions

Question 22

what are the 6 types of synovial joints

Answer 22

1. pivot joint
2. hinge:
3. condyloid
4. saddle
5. plane
6. ball and socket

Question 23

pivot joint (synovial)

Answer 23

• rotation
• single axis/uniaxial diarthrosis
  EX: atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint

Question 24

hinge (synovial)

Answer 24

• convex and concave ends of bone
• bending and straightening
  uniaxial/single axis
  EX: elbow joint, knee, ankle

Question 25

condyloid joint (synovial)

Answer 25

- shallow depression of one bone articulates w rounded strucutre of adjacent bone EX: knuckle (metacarpophalangeal joint), radiocarpal joint - biaxial: bending straigthening, side-to-side movement

Question 26

saddle joint (synovial)

Answer 26

- both articulating surfaces have saddle shape (concave in one direction and convex in the other) - biaxial joints EX: carpometacarpal joint (trapezium and first metacarpal one) , sternoclavicular joint

Question 27

plane/gliding joint (synovial)

Answer 27

- articulating surfaces of bones are flat or slightly curved, bones slide against each other - motion is small and constrained by surrounding ligaments - multiaxial: rotation, EX: intercarpal joints of wrist, acromioclavicular joint, intertarsal joints

Question 28

ball and socket joint

Answer 28

- rounded head of on bone fits into concave of other EX: hip joint and glenohumeral joint - multiaxial joints: ant-post, med-lat, rotation

Question 29

what is arthritis (synovial)

Answer 29

- common disorder in synovial joints, inflammation of joint - joint pain, swelling, stiff, reduced ROM - lots of types: osteoarthritis, agining, damge to cartilage, autoimmune, infections, etc

Question 30

what is osteoarthritis (synovial)

Answer 30

- agining and 'wear and tear' of articular cartilage - lead to injury of joint - articular cartilage wears down - results in pain and infalmmation - no cure

Question 31

gout (synovial)

Answer 31

- arthritis from depositiono furic acid in body joint - one joint is affected - cant excrete urea

Question 32

what type of synovial joints allow for flexion/extension?

Answer 32

hinge, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Question 33

what type of synovial joints allow for lateral flexion

Answer 33

symphysis joint (at intervertebral discs)

Question 34

what type of synovial joints allow for abductionadduction?

Answer 34

condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Question 35

what type of synovial joints allow for circumduction?

Answer 35

condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Question 36

what type of synovial joints allow for rotation?

Answer 36

pivot, ball and socket

Question 37

what type of synovial joints allow for supination/pronation?

Answer 37

pivot joint

Question 38

what type of synovial joints allow for dorsiflexion/plantarflexion?

Answer 38

hinge joint

Question 39

what type of synovial joints allow for inversion/eversion?

Answer 39

plane joints (intertarsal)

Question 40

what type of synovial joints allow for protraction/retraction?

Answer 40

ant-post of scapula or mandible - sternoclavicular and AC joint

Question 41

what type of synovial joints allow for depression/elevation?

Answer 41

downward and upward movements of scapula and mandible

Question 42

what type of synovial joints allow for opposition/reposition?

Answer 42

of thumb saddle joint