Massage Therapy! > the back > Flashcards

the back Flashcards

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1
Q

what muscles are in the superficial layer of your back ?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae

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2
Q

what is the superficial layer of back muscles innervated by

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves

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3
Q

action of trapezius

A

upper fibers: elevates scapula and rotates during abduction of arm
middle: retract scapula
lower: pull scapula inferiorly

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4
Q

action of latissimus dorsi

A

extends adducts and medially rotates upper limb

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5
Q

action of levator scapulae

A

elevates scapula

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6
Q

action of rhomboids

A

retracts and rotates scapula

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7
Q

what are the intermediate muscles of the back

A

serratus posterior superior and inferior
- innervated: anterior rami of spinal nerves, intercostal nerves

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8
Q

what are the superficial intrinsic muscles of the back

A

superficial (spinotransversales)
- splenius capitis: roatate head to same side
splenius cervicis: rotate head to same side
intermediate (3 that form erector spinae)
- iliocostalis (lat): laterally flex vertebral column, bilaterally extends the vertebral column and head
- longissimus: unilaterlly - laterally flex vertebral column, bilaterally - extends vertebral column
- spinalis (med): unilaterally - laterally flex vertebral, bilaterally - extend vertebral column

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9
Q

what are teh deep intrinsic muscles of the back

A

deep (transversospinales)
- semispinalis: extends and contralaterally rotates head and vertebral column
- multifidus: stabilises vertebral column
- rotatores: contributes to extension and rotation of vertebral column, stabilises vertebrae and has proprioceptive funciton
also (but minor)
- interspinales
- intertransversarii
- levatores costarum

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10
Q

what 4 muscles help move the head

A
  • sternocleidomastoid: flex/bend head towards chest
  • semispinalis capitis
  • splenius capitis
  • longissimus capitis

all help to rotate head left and right and extend towards back

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11
Q

what 4 muscle pairs in the back move shoulders –

A
  • trapezius (move scapulae)
  • levator scapulae: raise bones of shoulder
  • rhomboid major and minor: move shoulder blades
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12
Q

what 5 pairs of back muscles move the upper arms

A
  • latissimus dorsi (move arms and shoulders)
  • supraspinatus: move shoulders and arms)
  • infraspinatus: rotate shoulders and arms
  • teres major
  • teres minor: rotates and turns arms
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13
Q

what piars of deep muscles move the spine

A
  • sacrospinalis (spinalis, iliocostalis, longissimus)
  • quadratus lumborum
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14
Q

what muscles move the upper legs (thigh)

A
  • iliopsoas
  • psoas minor
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15
Q

what is a back muscle sprain?

A
  • stretching or tearing of muscles in lower back
  • physical demanding jobs or heavy objects
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16
Q

how does a strain happen

A
  • overstretching or overloading muscles in lower back
  • back muscles are stretched beyond capacity and tiny tears develop in muscle fibers
  • causes inflammation and pain in area
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17
Q

what are the 3 grades of strain

A
  1. grade 1: mild strain involving minor muscle fibers tear w mild discomfort and minimal impact on function
  2. grade 2: moderate strain w partial muscle tears, lead to significant pain and some limitation of movement
  3. grade 3: severe strain w complete muscle tear, causes intense pain loss of function and potential muscle weakness
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18
Q

signs of back muscle strain

A
  • pain and tenderness in lower back
  • muscle stiffness and difficulty moving/bending
  • swelling/bruising in area
  • muscle spasms/cramping in back
  • pain that worsens w movement, lifting or physical activity
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19
Q

tx for back muscle strain

A
  • rest
  • ice and heat
  • pain relief
  • PT
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20
Q

back muscle strain and massage

A

risks
- vigorous intrusive massage to new/acute injury might make inflammation and tissue damage worse
benefits
- carefully performed massage
- acute strains (lymphatic drainage) , limit edema

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21
Q

what is a herniated/bulging disc

A
  • slipped or ruptured disc
  • spinal condition where soft inner core of spinal disc protrudes through tough outer layer
  • discs act as cushions between vertebrae
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22
Q

what does a herniated disc occur

A
  • degeneration
  • tears and fissures due to repetitive stress/trauma
  • disc protrusion: nucleus pulposus pushes against weak outer disc layer
  • herniation: inner core might rupture
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23
Q

types of herniated discs

A
  1. lumbar herniated discs: lower back leads to pain, numbness, weakness in glutes, legs, feet
  2. cervical herniated disc: neck and causes pain, numbness and weakness in shoulders arms and hands
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24
Q

signs of herniated discs

A
  • pain: intense localized pain in affected area of spine or radiating pain along compressed nerve
  • numbness and tingling
  • muscle weakness
  • decreased reflexes
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25
tx for herniated disc
- rest from activity - pain relief - PT - heat and cold therapy - epidural steroid injections
26
herniated disc and massage
risks - work with - acute inflammation and muscle splinting guard unstable area for bodywork instead of benefits - symptom management - space for disc to retreat and reduce muscle spasm and inflammation
27
what are spinal fractures
- break or crack in one or more bones - lead to: pain, instability, potentially damage spinal cord, neurological conditions
28
how do spinal fractures occur
- trauma - osteoporosis - pathological causes
29
types of spinal fractures
- compression fracture: front part vertebra collapses due to compression forces - burst fracture: vertebra breaks in multiple directions, fragments spread into surrounding area - flexion-distraction fracture: seatbelft fracture, - fracture-discloation : severe type involves dislocation of spine, one vertebra shifts significantly - chance fracture: horizontal fracture across post elements of vertebra
30
signs of spinal fracture
- back pain that gets worse w movement - tenderness/swelling around injured area - limited ROM and difficulty bending/twisting - numbness, tingling, weakness in extremities - changes in bowel or bladder function
31
tx for spinal fractures
- pain management - bracing - rest and activity - PT - minimally invasive procedures - surgery
32
massage and spinal fractures
risks - spinal instability - nerve compression - delayed healing - pain and discomfort - blood clot risk benefits - pain management (gentle massage) - stress reduction - promote circulation : light strokes away from fractured area - muscle relaxation options - reflexology - swedish - craniosacral
33
what is spinal stenosis
- narrowing spinal canal, open space within spine that houses spinal cord and nerves - pressure on spinal cord and nerves
34
what causes spinal stenosis
- degenerative changes: discs lose hydration and height, joints and ligaments thicken, available space within spinal canal diminishes -herniated discs - bone spur : bone spurs in response to wear and tear on spine - spinal injuries: traumatic injuries - congenital conditions: narrower spinal canal
35
types of spinal stenosis
- lumbar stenosis: lower back, more common, leads to pain weakness and numbness in lower legs - cervical stenosis: in neck, pain weakness weakness tingling or numbness in arms
36
signs of spinal stenosis
- pain - numbness/tingling - muscle weakness - decreased reflexes
37
tx for spinal stenosis
- pt, pain management, activity modification - epidural steroid injections - surgical intervention
38
massage and spinal stenosis
risks - nerve compression - spinal instability - pain exacerbation - contradictory effects - blood clot risks benefits - pain management - stress reduciton - improved circulation - muscle relaxation options - swedish, craniosacral, myofascial, joint mobilization, reflexology
39
what is a spondylolisthesis
- forward displacement of one vertebra over the one below it - lower back (lumbar spine)
40
what causes a spondylolisthesis
- congenital: born w defect - isthmic: during childhood or adolescence, stress fracture, weakens bony bridge, vertebra slips forward - degenerative - traumatic - pathological
41
types of spondylolisthesis
- isthmic: resulting from stress fracture - degenerative: in older age - congenital: at birth - traumatic
42
signs of spondylolisthesis
- back pain : radiating down thighs - hamstring tightness: bc nerve irritation - numbness and weakness - changes in gait
43
tx of spondylolisthesis
- rest, pt, pain management - epidural steroid injections - surgery
44
massage and spondylolisthesis
risks - spinal instability - nerve copmression - pain exacerbation - contradictory effects - blood clot risks benefits - pain management - stress reduction - muscle relaxation - improved circulation options - swedish, craniosacral, myofascial, joint , reflexology
45
what is sciatica
- sciatic nerve becomes irritated or copmressed
46
how does sciatica happen
- herniated disc - spinal stenosis - piriformis syndrome - spondylolisthesis - trauma/injury
47
types of sciatica
- lumbar sciatica: caused by irritation or copmression of sciatic nerve in lumbar spine - piriformis sciatica: piriformis copmresses sciatica nerve
48
signs of sciatica
- low back pain - leg pain - numbness/tingling - muscle weakness - aggravation w movement
49
tx for sciatica
- conservative measures (rest, pt, pain mangement) - heat and cold - epidural steroid - surgery
50
massage and sciatica
risks - nerve compression - spinal instability - pain exacerbation - inflammation - blood clot risk benefits - pain management - muscle relaxation - stress reduction - improved circulation options - swedish, craniosacral, myofascial, reflexology, heat
51
what are sprains and ligament tears
- injuries that affect ligaments (connect bones to each other) - stretched or torn
52
types of sprains
- grade 1: mild sprain, ligaments are stretched not torn - grade 2: moderate sprain, ligaments are partially torn - grade 3: severe sprain where ligaments are torn
53
signs of muscle sprain
- pain - swelling - bruising - limitied ROM - muscle spasm
54
tx for muscle strain
- rest and immobilization - cold therapy - pain management - pt - heat therapy - injections - surgery
55
massage and muscle sprains
risks - increased inflammation - worsening of injury - pain exacerbation - impaired healing - joint instability benefits - pain management - reduced muscle tension - stress reduction options - swedish, lymphatic drainage, heat therapy, contrast bath therapy
56
what is degenerative disc disease
- gradual breakdown of intervertebral discs that cushion the vertebrae in the spine - natural part of aging process - discs lose water content and become thinner over time - less shock absorption and may lead various symptoms
57
what causes degenerative disc disease
- aging - genetics - repetitve strain - trauma
58
signs of DDD
- pain - radiating pain - numbness and tingling - stiffness - muscle weakness
59
tx of DDD
- pt, pain management, heat and cold therapy, lifestyle mod, epidural, surgery
60
massage and DDD
risks - spinal instability - nerve compression - inflammation - pain exacerbation - bones spurs benefits - pain management - muscle relaxation - stress reduction options - swedish, lymphatic, heat therapy, trigger point
61
what are compression fractures
- spinal fracture characterized by collapse or compression of one or morevertebrae in spine - bones in spine weaken and cant withstand pressure or force applied, causing them to collapse or break
62
what causes copmression fractures
- combination of weakening bones and excessive pressure or force on spine - osteoporosis - bones lose density and become brittle, make them prone to fracture under normal stress - vertebrae may collapse 1. acute compression fracture: sudden and result of trauma 2. insufficient copmression fracture: due ot weakened bones, osteoporosis/cancer metastisized to bones
63
signs of compression fractures
- sudden/gradual onset of back pain - limited ROM - loss of height - changes in posture - numbness, tingling, weakness in arms and legs
64
tx of compression fracture
- rest and pain management - bracing - pt - kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty - meds - lifestyle mod - surgery
65
massage and compression fracture
risks - increased pian - aggravating injury - nerve compression - delayed healing benefits - pain management - stress reduction - improved circulation - psychological options - focus on nonaffected areas, gentle techniques, avoid deep tissue, supportive positioning, obtain med clearance
66
what is scoliosis
- abnormal sideways curvature of spine - s or c shape
67
what causes scoliosis
no one knows yet - genetics 0 neuromuscular conditions - congenital abnormalities - degenerative changes
68
types of scoliosis
- idiopathic: most common form, no known cause - congenital: present at birth - neuromuscular: affects nervous system and muscles - degenerative: develops in adulthood bc of degenerative changes in spine
69
sings of scoliosis
- visible curvature - uneven shoulders or hips - back pain - changes in posture
70
tx for scoliosis
- observation - bracing - pt - surgery lifestyle mods
71
massage and scoliosis
risks - aggravation of pain (on curved areas) - increased spinal instability - nerve compression benefits - pain management - improved circulation - increased body awareness - stress reduction options - client consultation, communication and comfort, avoid direct pressure on spine, postural education, supportive pillows
72
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