Genetics & Heritability

Question 1

D.O Hebb

Answer 1

• Genetic & environmental influences are entangled in complex ways

Question 2

Behavior Genetics

Answer 2

Research to determine the degree of genetic basis for a behavior, trait

Question 3

Behavioral genomics

Answer 3

Research that links behaviors with specific genes

Question 4

Molecular genetics

Answer 4

How genes work with in the cell

Question 5

What are the two laws of heredity?

Answer 5

1. Shared genes

2. Gene pool

Question 6

Mechanism of inheritance

Answer 6

• Chromosomes are made up of genes which are made up of DNA which is made up of 4 nitrogenous bases (1) guanine, (2) adenine, (3) thymine, (4) cytosine

Question 7

Chormosomes

Answer 7

• 22 pairs of autosomes (mitosis)

* 1 pair of sex choromosomes (meiosis)

Question 8

Alleles

Answer 8

location of a gene for a particular trait

Question 9

Monozygotic twins

Answer 9

• one egg
• one zygote
• identical genetic make up

Question 10

Dizygotic twins

Answer 10

• 2 eggs
• 2 sperms
• 2 zygote
• same genetic make up as siblings born seperately

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

• dominant genes expressed

* recessive gene only expressed when paired with another recessive gene

Question 12

Genotype

Answer 12

•all of a persons genes both recessive & dominant

Question 13

Mendelian Principles (old)

Answer 13

• Principles of dominance
• principle of segregation
• principle of independent assortment

Question 14

Principle of dominance

Answer 14

• dominant & recessive genes

Question 15

principle of segragation

Answer 15

Separated into reproductive cells

Question 16

Principle of independent assortment

Answer 16

• gene that determines one characteristic is not dependent on a gene for another characteristics
• ex: all ppl with brown hair are not the same height

Question 17

Mendelian current principles

Answer 17

• polygenic inheritance
• pleiotropic effects
• incomplete dominance
• codominance
• genomic imprinting

Question 18

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 18

• MIXTURE of genes that will determine many characteristics

Question 19

Pleiotropic effects

Answer 19

• any SINGLE gene can have many different effects

Question 20

Incomplete dominance

Answer 20

• not COMPLETELY dominant or recessive

* ex: sickle cell anemia

Question 21

Codominance

Answer 21

• When BOTH genes are expressed

* ex: AB blood type

Question 22

Genomic imprinting

Answer 22

only one gene is expressed & the other is “silent”

Question 23

What is the human genome project?

Answer 23

tba

Question 24

Zygote

Answer 24

• fertilized egg that begins to divide into cells that will develop into the embryo

Question 25

Chromosomes

Answer 25

• strands of genes that consitutes our existance

Question 26

What is the human genome project?

Answer 26

• complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings

Question 27

Fragile x-syndrome

Answer 27

* Sex-linked * Most common cause of intellectual disability * 1 gene segment on the X chromosome is repeated 200x rather than 5-40x

Question 28

Hemophilia

Answer 28

* Sex-linked * Mostly males * lack of a specific protein * blood continues to flow

Question 29

Huntington's Disease

Answer 29

*  Autosome-linked disorder * dominant gene disorder *  chromosome 4 * lost of muscle control * detected @ older age

Question 30

Tay Sachs Disease

Answer 30

* Autosome-linked disorder * onset about 8 months * Chromosome 15 *  death usually by age 6 * cell death, brain cells begin to die out *  loose motor skills, seizures, vision & hearing loss, intellectual disabled & paralysis.

Question 31

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 31

* Autosome-linked disorders * recessive gene * incomplete dominance (can experience some symptoms) * chromosome 11 * s or c shaped blood cells get clogged in the system *  shortness of breath, severe pain, characteristics similar to a stroke *  less likely to have malaria

Question 32

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 32

* Chromosome 7 *  Autosomal recessive genetic condition * affect lungs & digestive system *  life expectancy to early/mid-aulthood * defective gene causes the fluids to become thick and sticky. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts and passageways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.

Question 33

Down-syndrome: trisomy-21

Answer 33

* having 3 "21" chromosomes * Mental & physical defects * life expectancy 60 * 1/1000 * higher risk to other diseases such as Alzheimer's, cardiovascular issues

Question 34

Autosome

Answer 34

• any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Question 35

Sex chromosomes

Answer 35

• determining sex of organism

Question 36

What are the ways to detect diseases prenatally?

Answer 36

* Amniocentesis * CVS (chronic villus sampling) * AFP (aplhafetoprotein) * Ultrasound

Question 37

Amniocentesis

Answer 37

* sample amniotic fluid | * screens for abnormality by measuring levels of feto protein & fetal cells as early as 16 wks

Question 38

CVS (Chronic villus sampling)

Answer 38

* detects any chromosomal defects *  collect sample of fetal cells from placenta * early as 9 wks

Question 39

AFP

Answer 39

• measured through a blood test

Question 40

Ultrasound

Answer 40

* sound waves * screens for growth, organ defects, chromosomal abnormalities & neural tube defects * checks if fetus is developing normally

Question 41

Niche picking (scar & mccarthey)

Answer 41

* passive (parents make decision) * evocative ( boys & girls respond diff. to env) * active ( actively engaged in what they want to do, but the gene kind of predetermining what they should do) * ex of active: tall male reared towards playing basketball, but he wants to play an instrument

Question 42

Limit setting (gottesman)

Answer 42

* upper & lower limit (genetic) * reaction rate (env) * ex: genie had the genes to walk & talk, but the env she was in did not allow her to grow.

Question 43

Non-shared enviornment

Answer 43

* Plomins model *  same genes, but env evokes diff response * experience NOT shared w/ other members of the family.