FA3 Multi-Species > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the general characteristics of upper resp. disease in birds?

A

-affect nares, choana, glottis, and trachea
-audible; cause stertor/stridor
-can occur with foreign body, plaque obstruction, constriction, or tear

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2
Q

What are the general characteristics of middle resp. disease in birds?

A

-affect bronchi
-audible; cause stertor/stridor
-can occur with foreign body, plaque obstruction, constriction, or tear

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3
Q

What are the general characteristics of lower resp. disease in birds?

A

-affect lungs and air sacs
-not audible but have abnormal auscultation
-increased resp effort and rate
-can occur with pneumonia and coelomic compression of air sacs

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4
Q

What are the signs of respiratory disease seen in birds?

A

-increased resp. effort/more pronounced keel movement
-increased resp. rate
-tail bob
-distended coelom
-open mouth breathing
-clicking sounds
-air sac crackles
-crackles/wheezes in lungs

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5
Q

What is the signalment for resp. obstruction?

A

-any birds
-history of previous intubation
-seed eaters

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6
Q

What is the history in resp. obstruction cases?

A

-acute/sudden onset of dyspnea
-voice change
-decreased appetite/energy

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of resp. obstruction?

A

-inhalation of seed, food piece, toy, or blood
-obstruction of air passage
-can occur with tracheal stricture (occurs from previous trauma)

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8
Q

What are the physical exam findings in resp. obstruction cases?

A

-audible stertor or stridor
-resp. distress

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9
Q

Which diagnostics are used in cases of resp. obstruction?

A

-radiographs/CT
-tracheoscopy

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10
Q

What are the treatment options for resp. obstruction?

A

-tracheoscopic removal
-surgery
-suction

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11
Q

What is the history seen in aspiration pneumonia cases?

A

gavage feeding or hand-feeding of formula

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of aspiration pneumonia?

A

-food material aspirated into lungs
-infection and decreased gas exchange surface area

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13
Q

What are the physical exam findings in aspiration pneumonia cases?

A

-any respiratory signs; especially lower airway
-systemic signs

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14
Q

Which diagnostics are used in aspiration pneumonia cases?

A

-radiographs
-CT

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15
Q

What is the treatment for aspiration pneumonia?

A

-antibiotics
-oxygen therapy
-nebulization

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16
Q

What is the history seen in hypovitaminosis A cases?

A

-inappropriate diet
-lacking dark leafy greens/veggies or appropriate prey

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hypovitaminosis A?

A

-vitamin A is essential for epithelial maintenance
-lack of vit. A leads to squamous metaplasia
-build up of keratin and abnormal tissue in oral mucosa and lining of glands
-compromised protection from pathogens

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18
Q

What are the physical exam findings in cases of hypovitaminosis A?

A

-blunted choanal papillae
-sinus swellings
-conjunctivitis
-oral white plaques

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19
Q

Which diagnostics are done in hypovitaminosis A cases?

A

-history
-physical exam
-histopathology
-cytology

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20
Q

What is the treatment for hypovitaminosis A?

A

-vit. A supplementation
-treatment of any secondary infections

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21
Q

What is the history seen in air sac compression cases?

A

-gradual or acute resp. signs
-decreased appetite
-changes in egg-laying patterns
-coelomic distension
-lethargy/splay-legged

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22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of air sac compression?

A

-organomegaly
-ascites
-coelomic mass pushing on air sacs/decreasing volume

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23
Q

What are the physical exam findings in air sac compression cases?

A

-distended coelom +/- mass
-increased resp. rate and effort
-tail bob

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24
Q

Which diagnostics are used in air sac compression cases?

A

-radiographs
-ultrasound
-echocardiogram

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25
What is the treatment for air sac compression?
*treat underlying dz: -drain coelomic fluid -surgical management -cardiac meds/furosemide
26
What is the signalment/history in PTFE/teflon toxicity?
-indoor birds -free roaming -spend time in kitchen -owner was cooking or ironing prior to clinical signs -acute depression and/or resp. signs
27
What is the pathogenesis of PTFE/teflon toxicity?
-acutely toxic/acidic gas produced from non-stick cookware, irons, or heat lamps -gas is released at high temps and is colorless and odorless
28
What are the physical exam findings in PTFE/teflon toxicity?
-dyspnea -ataxia -death from acute resp. failure
29
What are the diagnosis and treatment steps for PTFE/teflon toxicity?
-typically diagnosed on necropsy; findings of pulmonary tissue edema and hemorrhage -can try supportive care but prognosis is poor
30
What is the pathogenesis of smoke toxicity?
*Carbon Monoxide: -carbon monoxide produced by stoves, dryers, heaters, fire -carbon monoxide has greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen -circulation of carboxyhemoglobin that cannot transport O2 *Tobacco Smoke: -nicotine metabolites are carcinogens -cause resp. irritation and skin and feather disease/irritation
31
What are the physical exam findings in smoke toxicity?
-resp signs -hoarseness -wheezing -cherry red color skin and mucus membranes -smell of smoke -burns and/or soot present
32
What is the treatment for smoke toxicity?
-oxygen -supportive care -removal from source of smoke
33
Which species are most commonly affected by air sac rupture?
-amazons -macaws -cockatiels
34
What is the history seen in air sac rupture cases?
-acute to gradual development of bubble-like swelling -animals still comfortable, eating, and behaving normally unless large -secondary to trauma or air sac infection
35
What are the findings on physical exam in birds with air sac rupture?
focal to diffuse subQ emphysema; typically around head, neck, or flanks
36
How is air sac rupture diagnosed?
-radiographs -fine needle aspirate
37
What are the treatment options for air sac rupture?
-drain with needle and syringe -create drainage site that remains open for days to weeks -indwelling stents -surgery
38
What is the typical signalment for atherosclerosis?
-older -over-conditioned -parrots (amazons), raptors
39
What is the history seen in atherosclerosis cases?
-high fat diet -low exercise -obesity -unexplained seizures/syncope -sudden loss of use of limb(s) -feather picking
40
What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
-degenerative and inflammatory vascular disease -accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, calcium, and adipose in arteries -stenosis of artery lumens -lack of blood flow to affected areas
41
What are the physical exam findings in atherosclerosis cases?
-can be normal -obesity -lameness/decreased grip in a foot -focal pain/picking -syncope -neuro. signs -possible abnormal auscultation
42
Which diagnostics are used in atherosclerosis cases?
-CT with contrast -radiographs; increased opacity in great vessels -elevated cholesterol on chem. panel -necropsy
43
What are the treatment steps for atherosclerosis?
-diet change -addition of omega 3 fatty acids -isoxsuprine/vasodilator -exercise
44
What is the signalment and history in congestive heart failure cases?
-older birds -non-specific signs -exercise intolerance -resp. signs
45
What is the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure?
-right or left cardiac dz -can be primary or secondary from increased overload
46
What are the physical exam findings in congestive heart failure cases?
-heart murmur -ascites -increased resp rate/effort -arrhythmias -syncope
47
Which diagnostics are done for congestive heart failure?
-radiographs -echocardiography
48
What are the treatment options for congestive heart failure?
*diuretics to decrease preload, afterload, and ascites -furosemide *positive inotropes to increase contractility -pimobendan *vasodilators to decrease preload and afterload -isoxsuprine -enalapril
49
What is the pathogenesis of avocado toxicity?
-persin is the toxin found in fruit, leaves, and seeds -causes myocardial necrosis
50
What are the physical exam findings in avocado toxicity?
-signs of cardiac insufficiency within 24 to 96 hours -lethargy -resp. distress -edema -cyanosis -cough -death -agitation -feather plucking
51
What are the treatment steps for avocado toxicity?
-oxygen -diuretics -antiarrhythmics
52
Which species are most commonly affected by hepatic lipidosis?
-amazons -cockatiels -budgies
53
What is the history seen in hepatic lipidosis cases?
-high fat diet -history of obesity -anorexia
54
What is the pathogenesis of hepatic lipidosis?
-excess fat deposition and storage in liver -decreased function of liver -fracture/hemorrhage -prolonged anorexia
55
What are the physical exam findings in hepatic lipidosis?
-possibly none -depression -anorexia -fluffed -PUPD -dyspnea -coelomic swelling -biliverdinuria/green stool and urates -neuro. signs/hepatic encephalopathy -abnormal beak overgrowth/keratin quality
56
What are the diagnostics done in hepatic lipidosis cases?
*CHEM: -elevated AST -elevated bile acids -dec. proteins -dec. glucose -elevated cholesterol *RADS/ULTRASOUND *ENDOSCOPY *CYTOLOGY/BIOPSY *NECROPSY
57
What are the treatment options for hepatic lipidosis?
-decrease fats in diet -feed balanced pellets instead of veggies, fruits, nuts, and seeds -milk thistle/silymarin -lactulose -omega 3 -antibiotics for underlying secondary dz
58
Which species are most commonly affected by hemochromatosis/iron storage dz?
-adult toucans -starlings -mynahs
59
What is the history seen in hemochromatosis cases?
-lack of low iron diet -high vitamin C in diet
60
What is the pathogenesis of hemochromatosis?
-excess iron stored in liver -decreased liver function, diabetes, and metabolic dz -unbound iron in circulation is cytotoxic to organs -vitamin C increases iron absorption
61
What are the physical exam findings in hemochromatosis?
-hyporexia -lethargy -signs of liver dz
62
Which diagnostics are done in hemochromatosis cases?
-blood iron level -liver biopsy
63
What is the treatment for hemochromatosis?
-phlebotomy -iron chelators -diet adjustment (low iron, low vit. C, high tannins)
64
What is the pathogenesis of aflatoxin?
-aflatoxin released by fungi on moldy peanuts, corn, or feed -causes liver necrosis
65
What are the physical exam findings in aflatoxin cases?
-non-specific -liver signs
66
What are the diagnostics done in aflatoxin cases?
-history -chemistry panel
67
What is the treatment for aflatoxin toxicity?
-supportive care -liver protectants
FA3 Multi-Species
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