What are the characteristics of snake fungal disease?
-caused by Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola
-necrosis with heterophilic inflammation
-can use GMS to diagnose
-seen in wild and captive pit vipers and colubrids
-spreads during winter
-causes osteomyelitis, anorexia, and death
What are the characteristics of yellow fungal disease in bearded dragons?
-caused by Nannizziopsis guarroi
-causes yellow patches of retained shed
-can cause ulcers/areas of no skin
What causes a small white dot appearance on snakes (like cottonmouths)?
Ophionyssus natricis (mites) due to poor husbandry
What causes necrotizing colitis in snakes?
Entamoeba invadens
Which organ besides the colon is commonly invaded by Entamoeba invadens?
liver (necrotizing hepatitis)
What causes small, round nodules on the outside of a snake’s stomach?
Diplopylidium acanthotetra (encysted tapeworms)
What causes proliferative gastritis in snakes?
Cryptosporidium serpentis
What are the gross signs of proliferative gastritis in snakes?
-thickened gastric wall w/ mucosal hypertrophy
-thick, bulging folds in stomach with red regions
Which heart/circulatory condition are bearded dragons predisposed to?
aneurysms
Where are aneurysms commonly found in bearded dragons?
-heart
-retrobulbar
-tail
Why do bearded dragons die from gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma?
-masses bleed a lot
-masses can metastasize
-insulin resistance and weight loss
What causes facial osteomyelitis in wild kestrels and doves (and other birds)?
Trichomonas gallinae (protozoa)
What is “frounce”?
Trichomonas gallinae plaques in the oral cavity of hawks
What are the differential diagnoses for avian oral/esophageal plaques?
-Trichomonas gallinae
-avian poxvirus/ “wet pox”
-Candida albicans
-Capillaria sp.
-Columbid herpesvirus-1
-vitamin A deficiency
Which cause of oral/esophageal plaques most commonly affects the crop?
Candida albicans
What are the possible causes of myocarditis in bald eagles?
-lead toxicosis
-west nile virus
How do the left and right heart valves differ in bald eagles?
-left atrioventricular has chordae tendinae and is a thin flap
-right atrioventricular is a muscular flap
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