Lecture 5 Flashcards by Danika Boltz

What are the general characteristics of avian influenza?

-reportable
-influenza A; RNA orthomyxovirus
-hemagglutinin has 16 H types
-neuraminidase has 9 N types
-current outbreak is H5N1

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What are the natural reservoirs for avian influenza?

-anseriformes/waterfowl
-charadriformes/shorebirds

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What are the characteristics of low path. AI?

-common
-mild disease with low mortality
-maintained subclinically in wild birds
-fecal-oral transmission

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What are the characteristics of high path. AI?

-often H5 and H7 subtypes
-shift from LPAI
-wider tissue affinity leads to severe disease
-high mortality in any birds and mammals too
-zoonotic

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What are the characteristics of antigenic drift and shift?

-drift is mutations; shift is reassortment
-allows for LPAI to become HPAI
-some species like swine serve as “mixing vessels” for the virus

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What are the clinical signs of avian influenza?

-respiratory signs
-decreased egg production
-dullness
-paresis
-paralysis
-tremors
-torticollis
-nasal discharge
-diarrhea
-acute death

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What are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention steps for avian influenza?

diagnosis:
-RT-PCR on cloacal or pharyngeal swabs

treatment:
-none; must cull

prevention:
-biosecurity
-vaccination
-USDA management guidelines

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What is the current HPAI status in the US?

-many commercial and backyard poultry flocks affected/culled
-detected in many wild waterfowl species
-morbidity and mortality in many wild avian species
-mortality in wild mammals/carnivores feeding on birds
-mortality in zoo mammals and birds
-morbidity in dairy cattle
-transmission from cattle to domestic cats
-human morbidity and mortality

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What is the most important differential for avian influenza?

newcastle disease (also reportable)

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What are the general characteristics of west nile virus?

-RNA flavivirus
-zoonotic; humans are dead end hosts
-vectored by mosquitoes
-corvids and passerines highly susceptible/high mortality
-raptors experience neurologic +/- heart dz
-replicates in spleen and spreads

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What are the clinical signs of west nile virus?

-neuro signs
-pinched feathers
-death
-marked leukocytosis

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What are the pathologic findings in west nile virus?

-lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis
-meningitis
-myocarditis

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What are the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention steps for west nile?

diagnosis:
-paired serology

treatment:
-supportive care

prevention:
-mosquito control
-vaccination w/ equine vx

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What are the other names for avian bornavirus?

-proventricular dilatation disease
-macaw wasting dz
-avian ganglioneuritis

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What are the characteristics of avian bornavirus?

-enveloped RNA virus
-mainly affects parrots
-parrot bornavirus 2 and 4
-persistent infection
-all ages affected

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What are the clinical signs of avian bornavirus?

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-lethargy
-weakness
-weight loss despite appetite
-undigested feed passage
-regurg.
-CNS signs
-inflammation of peripheral autonomic nerves in GIT, heart, and CNS (lymphoplasmacytic myenteric ganglioneuritis)

How is avian bornavirus diagnosed?

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-serology to identify exposure only
-radiographs showing distended proventriculus
-PCR of crop, cloacal swab, and/or feather calamus
-biopsy of crop or proventriculus

What is the treatment for avian bornavirus?

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-decrease viral load w/ ribavirin or favipirnir
-highly digestible diet
-prokinetics
-antacids
-NSAIDs

What is the prognosis for avian bornavirus?

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poor prognosis

What are the characteristics of avian polyomavirus?

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-aka budgerigar fledgling dz
-non-enveloped DNA virus
-basophilic intranuclear inclusions
-affects nestlings and juveniles
-latency in kidneys
-excreted in urine, dander, feces, respiratory excretions

What are the clinical signs of avian polyomavirus?

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-subQ hemorrhage
-hepatosplenomegaly
-renomegaly
-feather dystrophy
-hemorrhage/neuro signs/death if acute
-lack of down and lack of filoplumes if chronic

What is the diagnosis and treatment steps for avian polyomavirus?

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diagnosis:
-PCR on blood and oral/cloacal swabs

treatment:
-supportive care; poor prognosis

What are the characteristics of avian circovirus?

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-avian circovirus one
-causes psittacine beak and feather dz
-non-enveloped DNA virus
-basophilic intracytoplasmic +/- intranuclear inclusions
-more common in old world species than new world
-shed in feather dander and feces

What are the characteristics of avian circovirus within the body?

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-replicates in bursa of fabriscius and GI tract
-epitheliotrophic/prefers feathers

What are the clinical signs of avian circovirus?

acute: -sepsis -leukopenia -hepatic necrosis -death chronic: -dystrophic feathers -beak abnormalities

Which species are resistant to avian circovirus?

-cockatiel -lorikeet

What are the diagnosis and treatment steps for avian circovirus?

diagnosis: -serology -PCR for screening treatment: -supportive care

What are the characteristics of herpesviruses?

-enveloped DNA viruses -eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions -all avian viruses are ALPHA -host-specific, lifelong, latent infections -worse disease in aberrant hosts -horizontal transmission -typically latent in trigeminal ganglion -stress can cause clinical signs

What are the characteristics of Pacheco's dz caused by psittacid herpesvirus 1?

-acute death -leukopenia -eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in spleen -seen in imported South American birds most commonly -treated with acyclovir

What are the characteristics of mucosal papillomatosis caused by psittacid herpesvirus 1?

-seen in amazons, macaws, hawkheaded parrots, and conures -any age or sex -cauliflower-like lesions in cloaca and oral cavity -surgical removal via cryo/cautery for treatment

What are the characteristics of bile duct/pancreatic carcinoma caused by psittacid herpesvirus 1?

-least common manifestation -genotype 3 -chronic liver dz -rare metastasis

What are the characteristics of psittacid herpesvirus 2?

-causes disease in congo african gray parrots -mucosal, ocular, and oral papillomas

What are the characteristics of psittacid herpesvirus 3?

-affects Bourke's parakeets -resp. disease -severe tracheitis and necrosis -chronic conjunctivitis

What are the other avian herpesviruses besides psittacid?

-gallid HV 1; infectious laryngotracheitis -gallid HV 2; marek's dz -anatid HV 1; duck plague/duck viral enteritis -columbid/falconid/accipitrid/strigid HV 1 (doves/pigeons, falcons, hawks, owls)

What are the characteristics of avian poxvirus?

-enveloped dsDNA virus -transmitted via invertebrate vectors or direct contact -dry form causes skin nodules -wet form causes oral white plaques and resp./systemic signs -gross appearance of proliferative nodules/masses -histopath. shows eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions -treat with supportive care -vx. available for chickens and canaries

What are the differentials for oral white plaques in birds?

-poxvirus -candida -trichomonas -capillaria -hypovitaminosis A

Lecture 5 Flashcards

(36 cards)