FA3 Multi-Species > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are general signs of renal dz in birds?

A

-fluffed
-dehydrated
-anorexic
-PUPD
-oliguria/anuria
-unilateral leg lameness/weakness

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of uric acid as a renal biomarker?

A

-90% is excreted by tubules
-independent of urine flow and hydration
-not always sensitive to renal function but better than BUN/creatinine in birds

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3
Q

What is the history seen in gout cases?

A

*older birds

*articular:
-lameness/pain
-reluctance to fly/walk

*visceral:
-anorexia
-depression
-PUPD

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4
Q

What is the pathogenesis of gout?

A

-elevated uric acid in blood due to decreased renal function
-deposits in joints or on serosa of organs

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5
Q

What are the physical findings in gout?

A

*articular:
-swollen and painful joint or digit

*visceral:
-non-specific
-sudden death

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6
Q

Which diagnostics are done for gout?

A

-FNA and cytology of joint
-blood work showing elevated uric acid, CK, and AST
-radiographs showing periarticular lucency

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7
Q

What are the treatment options for gout?

A

-analgesia
-lower furniture/easier-to-navigate habitat
-allopurinol to decrease uric acid level
-fluids
-euthanasia

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8
Q

What is the history in amyloidosis cases?

A

adult birds with chronic inflammation

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of amyloidosis?

A

deposition of abnormal, aggregated proteins in tissues

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10
Q

What are the physical exam findings in amyloidosis cases?

A

general signs of weakness and renal dysfunction

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11
Q

Which diagnostic is used for amyloidosis?

A

histopath. with Congo Red stain

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12
Q

Which species most commonly get renal adenocarcinoma?

A

-adult small psittacines
-budgies

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13
Q

What is the history seen in renal adenocarcinoma cases?

A

unilateral lameness/weakness

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis behind renal adenocarcinoma causing lameness/weakness?

A

renal tumor presses on sciatic nerve

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15
Q

What are the physical exam findings in renal adenocarcinoma cases?

A

-lack of grip/strength in one foot/leg
-coelomic swelling

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16
Q

Which diagnostics and treatments are done for renal adenocarcinoma?

A

*diagnostics:
-PE
-rads
-CT
-ultrasound
-biopsy

*treatment:
-surgery
-euthanasia

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17
Q

What can cause reproductive stimulation, and how can owners correct it?

A

*prolonged daylight length
-provide > 12 hours of darkness

*physical touch
-no touch below the head
-no mouth-to-mouth feeding or kissing

*excess calories
-remove extra food

*nesting material present
-remove such materials

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18
Q

What is the signalment and history for prolapse?

A

-seen in male or female parrots, chickens, cockatoos, macaws, and cockatiels
-tissue protruding from cloaca
-masturbation
-reproductive behaviors at home
-egg binding
-neoplasia

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of prolapse?

A

-enlargement and/or irritation of organ
-sexual activity causing organ enlargement
-coelomic contractions

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20
Q

What are the possible physical exam findings in cases of prolapse?

A

*prolapsed tissue:
-pink/red tissue = inflamed
-black/purple tissue = necrotic
-small amount of smooth tissue = cloaca
-larger tissue amount w/ longitudinal folds = oviduct
-large tissue amount; smooth, smaller tube = colon

*repro behaviors
-egg-laying behavior
-head bobbing
-anorexia
-lethargy
-dehydration
-shock
-death

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21
Q

Which diagnostics are done for prolapse?

A

-physical exam
-radiographs for egg check
-blood work to assess systemic stability

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22
Q

What are the treatment options for prolapse?

A

-triage; apply lube and dextrose
-fluids
-anti-inflammatories
-antibiotics
-gentle reduction and ventplasty under sedation
-cloacopexy surgery
-ovariohysterectomy
-GnRH agonist to reduce repro. behavior
-euthanasia for rectal prolapse

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23
Q

What is the history and signalment for egg binding/dystocia?

A

-females of any age
-often first time layers or chronic egg-layers
-change in laying patterns
-abnormal eggs
-environment supporting repro. activity
-poor nutrition

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24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of egg binding?

A

inability to pass an egg due to:
-physical obstruction
-egg abnormality
-physiologic deficiency

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25
What are the physical exam findings in egg binding cases?
-coelomic distention +/- palpation of egg -lethargy -anorexia -labored breathing -lack of feces and urates
26
What are the diagnostics done for egg binding cases?
-radiographs to look for egg -CBC -CHEM -iCa
27
What are the treatment options for egg binding?
-fluid therapy -calcium gluconate -nutritional support -warm, quiet environment with nest box/material -manual expression of egg -ovocentesis via vent -transcoelomic ovocentesis -coeliotomy -GnRH agonists to decrease egg production
28
What is the history and signalment seen in egg-related coelomitis?
-female birds -lethargy -weakness -anorexia -change in egg-laying patterns
29
What is the pathogenesis of egg-related coelomitis?
-rupture of egg or failure of ovum to enter infundibulum -sterile inflammation +/- secondary bacterial infection
30
What are the physical exam findings in egg-related coelomitis?
-lethargy -weakness -anorexia -coelomic distention -dyspnea
31
Which diagnostics are done in egg-related coelomitis?
-ultrasound +/- coelomocentesis -cytology +/- culture -CBC showing marked leukocytosis
32
What are the treatment options for egg-related coelomitis?
-parenteral antibiotics -fluid therapy -NSAIDs -therapeutic draining of coelomic fluid
33
What is the signalment and history of reproductive neoplasia?
-typically adult birds -females more common than males -may have no signs -coelomic distention -anorexia -lethargy
34
What is the pathogenesis of repro. neoplasia?
-ovarian or salpinx adenocarcinoma -causes coelomic effusion and air sac compression
35
What are the physical exam findings in repro. neoplasia cases?
-coelomic distention -palpable mass(es)
36
Which diagnostics are done for repro. neoplasia?
-radiographs -ultrasound -FNA + cytology
37
What are the treatment options for repro. neoplasia?
-drainage of ascites -NSAIDs -supportive care -surgery
38
Which species most commonly experience diabetes mellitus?
-toucans -macaws
39
What is the history seen in diabetes mellitus cases?
-obesity -high sugar/fat diet -steroid medication use
40
What is the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in birds?
hyperglycemia due to abnormal insulin:glucagon ratio
41
What are the possible etiologies of diabetes mellitus in birds?
-inflammation/destruction of pancreas beta cells from pancreatitis -iron storage dz -peritonitis -paramyxovirus -herpesvirus -obesity -high corticosteroids -growth hormones
42
What are the physical exam findings in diabetes mellitus?
-weight loss -PUPD -depression
43
What are the diagnostic findings in diabetes mellitus cases?
-hyperglycemia; persistently > 800 mg/dL -possible glucosuria -possible ketonuria
44
What are the treatment steps for diabetes mellitus?
-low carb diet -insulin therapy -blood and urine glucose monitoring -glipizide in mild cases
45
Which species most commonly experience goiter?
-budgerigars -pigeons
46
What is the pathogenesis of goiter?
-iodine deficiency from iodine-deficient diet -thyroid gland hyperplasia and enlargement -thyroid gland rarely functional
47
What are the physical exam findings in goiter?
-regurg. -dyspnea -inspiratory squeak -palpation of goiter mass
48
Which diagnostics are done in cases of goiter?
-history -PE -radiographs that show tracheal displacement
49
What is the treatment for goiter?
-oral iodine supplementation in water -iodine injections in severe cases -formulated diet to correct deficiency
50
What is the signalment and history seen in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
-young, growing birds or reproductively active females -long-legged birds and african grey parrots -low dietary calcium or vitamin D -lack of UVB access
51
What is the pathogenesis of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
-hypocalcemia causes an increase PTH -calcium is pulled from the bones and GIT -decreased calcium excretion via kidneys -bone fractures -decreased smooth muscle activity -neuro. signs
52
What are the physical exam findings in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
-fractured and/or deformed bones -weakness -seizures/tremors -poor feather condition/picking
53
Which diagnostics are done in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism cases?
-history -PE -iCa -blood vit. D3 and PTH levels -radiographs
54
What are the treatment options for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
*calcium supplementation -calcium gluconate injections if neurologic -calcium carbonate or glubionate orally *analgesics *supportive care
55
What is the signalment and history seen in hypocalcemic syndrome of african grey parrots?
-young to adult african grey parrots -diets deficient in calcium and vitamin D -incoordination -falling over
56
What is the pathogenesis of hypocalcemic syndrome of african grey parrots?
-nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism -inability to pull calcium from bones -magnesium deficiency -impaired response to PTH
57
What are the physical exam findings in hypocalcemic syndrome of african grey parrots?
-seizures -ataxia -collapse -opisthotonos -tetany -signs exacerbated by anesthesia
58
What are the diagnostic findings in hypocalcemic syndrome of african grey parrots?
-total calcium less than 6 mg/dL -ionized calcium less than 0.96 mmol/L -magnesium less than 2 mg/dL
59
What is the treatment for hypocalcemic syndrome of african grey parrots?
-calcium and magnesium supplementation -premedication with calcium prior to anesthesia
60
What is the history seen with broken blood feathers?
-recent molt -general trauma -bleeding from wing or tail
61
What is the pathogenesis of broken blood feathers?
-feather not finished developing -highly vascular ramus -trauma to feather
62
What is the main PE finding with broken blood feathers?
hemorrhage from the feather shaft
63
How is a broken blood feather treated?
grasp at base of feather and pull from follicle to stop the bleeding
64
What is the signalment and history of pododermatitis?
-perching or waddling birds -penguins or flamingos -birds flying or swimming less -inappropriate substrate -trauma to other leg -puncture wounds -poor hygeine -obesity
65
What is the pathogenesis of pododermatitis?
-inflammation of plantar surface of feet -necrosis -infection -trauma
66
What are the physical exam findings in pododermatitis?
-plantar lesions ranging from mild thinning of plantar skin to osteomyelitis -shifting weight -lameness -lifting foot off perch
67
Why are radiographs done in pododermatitis cases?
to check for osteomyelitis
68
What is the treatment for pododermatitis?
-environmental changes -bandages/booties -debridement -antibiotics -analgesics
69
What is the signalment and history in osteoarthritis cases?
-older birds -previous trauma -lack of exercise -often in legs of waddling birds and wings of flying birds
70
What is the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis?
-aging, genetics, trauma, infection, or congenital deformity -leads to articular cartilage degeneration, inflammation, and fibrosis
71
What are the physical exam findings in osteoarthritis cases?
-lameness -decreased range of motion
72
Which diagnostics are used for osteoarthritis?
-radiographs -CT
73
What are the treatment options for osteoarthritis?
-analgesics -physical therapy
74
What is the history and pathogenesis of fractures?
-trauma -poor diet/nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
75
What are the physical exam findings in fracture cases?
-wing droop -unable to fly -lameness -palpable fracture
76
What are the treatment options for fractures?
*cage rest -coracoid -clavicle *external coaptation -tibiotarsus -wing (figure 8 wrap) *internal fixation -IM pins -plates *analgesia
77
What is the signalment, history, and pathogenesis of bite wounds?
-common in wild passerines and chickens -occur following predator encounter -can range from tiny puncture wounds to large degloving wounds
78
What are the diagnostics and treatment done for bite wounds?
*diagnostics: -PE -radiographs -culture *treatment: -debridement -bandaging -antibiotics -analgesia
79
What is the signalment and history for lead toxicity?
-common in raptors and scavengers and household birds exposed to lead -sources include bullets, fishing sinkers, old paint, and household objects
80
What is the pathogenesis of lead toxicity?
-interferes with heme synthesis -build up of heme precursors and RBC abnormalities -interferes with GI motility, leading to ileus and esophagus/proventriculus abnormalities -competes with calcium in bone; intracellular calcium increases and causes cell death -demyelination
81
What are the physical exam findings in lead toxicity?
-anorexia -lethargy -neuro. signs -regurg. -esophageal impaction -hemoglobinuria
82
How is lead toxicity diagnosed?
-history and PE -blood lead levels -radiographs to find metal
83
What is the treatment for lead toxicity?
-chelation therapy with CaEDTA -removal of metal -fluids -nutrition -warmth
84
What is the signalment and history of zinc toxicity?
-seen in captive birds and free-flying waterfowl -ingestion of carpentry hardware, pennies, and galvanized items
85
What is the pathogenesis of zinc toxicity?
-absorbed in GIT due to low pH -damages RBCs -causes hemolysis and renal failure
86
What are the diagnostics for zinc toxicity?
-radiographs -blood zinc levels -pancreas zinc levels post-mortem
87
What is the treatment for zinc toxicity?
-remove metal -CaEDTA -supportive care
88
What is the pathogenesis of oil toxicity?
-burns -hypothermia from external contact and inability to maintain waterproofing -regurgitation -dehydration -aspiration pneumonia
89
What is the treatment for oil toxicity?
-fluids -heat support -nutrition -mild detergent baths with frequent rinses once stable
FA3 Multi-Species
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