Lecture 10

Question 1

SARS

Answer 1

demonstrated
- unknown pathogen could emerge from wildlife source
- countries need effective alert and response system
- pandemics need global cooperation

Question 2

National Academy of Sciences report

Answer 2

• perfect microbial storm
• breakdown in both public and animal health infrastructures

Question 3

One Health Initiative

Answer 3

• consilience of human, domestic, and wildlife health
• Manhattan principles: holistic approach to preventing disease and maintaining ecosystem integrity

Question 4

MP 1

Answer 4

recognize the essential link between human, domestic animal, and wildlife health

Question 5

MP 2

Answer 5

land and water use have real implications for health

Question 6

MP 5

Answer 6

prevention, surveillance, monitoring, control and mitigation of emerging and resurging diseases
- take into account interconnections between species

Question 7

MP 6

Answer 7

integrate biodiversity conservation perspectives and human needs

Question 8

MP 7

Answer 8

regulate the international live wildlife and bushmeat trade

Question 9

MP 9

Answer 9

increase investment in global health infrastructure

Question 10

MP 11

Answer 10

resources and support for wildlife health surveillance networks

Question 11

MP 12

Answer 11

invest in education and raise awareness

Question 12

Zoonoses

Answer 12

• over 60% of known pathogens are zoonotic
• up to 70% of emerging viral diseases

Question 13

Zoonoses risk factors

Answer 13

• habitat loss
• contact w/ isolated animal population
• climate change
• industrial food production

Question 14

Zoonoses amplification

Answer 14

• amplification in intermediate hosts
• mutations in human-like hosts make jump to humans easier

Question 15

Emergence of zoonotic diseases

Answer 15

• global travel and trade: spread in 24 hours worldwide
• global agribusiness and urbanization: 200% increase in international food trade since 1975
• illegal wildlife trafficking
• land use dynamics: deforestation and agriculture expansion in tropical regions
• climate change: expand geographic range of vectors
• mass migration and population density: war, disasters, poverty increase human and vector pop density

Question 16

Mechanisms of transmission

Answer 16

• food related: bushmeat consumption
• vector borne: mosquitos, ticks, flies
• direct: exposure to urine/feces, animal bites (rabies)

Question 17

Agriculture

Answer 17

• risk of meat cross contamination, antibiotic resistance
• e.coli: contaminated ground beef
• salmonella: poultry, eggs
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: prions, cattle
• Rift valley fever virus: mosquito borne, livestock

Question 18

Domestic animals

Answer 18

• influenza A: birds and pigs
• toxoplasma gondii: contaminated food or cat feces
• arboviruses: birds as primary vectors, horses as sentinals

Question 19

Rodents

Answer 19

• viruses: lassa fever, South American hemorrhagic fevers, hantavirus
• bacteria: leptospirosis, tularemia, plague
• raccoon: baylisascariasis

Question 20

Arthropods

Answer 20

• lyme disease: ticks
• powassan virus: ticks
• zika: a. aegypti, sexual contact, blood product

Question 21

Public health impact

Answer 21

• 2.4 billion cases and 2.7 million deaths
• agriculture: decreased productivity, reduced trade volume, increased control measures, trade restrictions
• global: disrupted food supplies, reduced livestock productivity, increased spending on outbreak control/interventions

Question 22

Early detection

Answer 22

• rapid recognition and response can reduce impact
• proMed-mail, HealthMap, GPHIN