Lecture 17

Question 1

1992

Answer 1

Emerging infections
- small uptick in deaths due to ID
- complacency is major threat to PH
- importance of surveillance

Question 2

1994

Answer 2

CDC response
-surveillance, applied research, prevention and control, infrastructure

Question 3

EIP history

Answer 3

1995: first two sites established
1996-2002: 8 additional sites
2024: two additional sites
2025: 30th anniversary

Question 4

EIP partnership

Answer 4

CDC, Yale, CDPH

Question 5

Population based surveillance

Answer 5

• active case ascertainment, go to doctors
• get denominators
• big data sets, modeling, AI, wastewater

Question 6

Current projects

Answer 6

• FoodNET: foodborne illness
• ABCs: invasive bacterial disease
• FluSurvNET: influenza
• HPV-IMPACT: HPV vaccination
• HAIs: c diff, candidemia
• RSV-NET: respiratory syncytial virus
• RESP-NET: covid

Question 7

RESP-NET

Answer 7

• look at flu rates
• observe seasonality
• promote vaccination
• compare trends

Question 8

COVID MMRW

Answer 8

• one of 5 descriptive works on COVID
• age distribution
• March 2020
• 89% of hospitalizations had underlying condition

Question 9

COVID vaccine recommendations

Answer 9

• hospitalizations highest among >75 year olds
• data used to inform public health practice

Question 10

FOOD-NET

Answer 10

surveillance of enteric diseases
- camplyobacter, cyclospora, listeria, salmonella, STEC, shigella, vibrio, yersinia
- federal: salmonella, STEC

Question 11

Listeria

Answer 11

• rare but serious
• 2017 outbreak linked to soft cheese from creamery

Question 12

MPOX

Answer 12

• emerged in US in summer 2022
• case control study: lower dose of vaccine offers comparable protection
• concern of waning immunity

Question 13

HPV vaccine

Answer 13

• oropharynx cancer in men, cervical in women
• 2V, 4V, 9V vaccines
• shifting recommendations over the years: 9-14 y, 2 doses

Question 14

Vaccine measures

Answer 14

• impact: direct and indirect, population level effect with real world evidence
• effectiveness: individual effect with real world evidence
• efficacy: individual level effect with clinical trial

Question 15

Why monitor vaccines

Answer 15

• prove effectiveness
• find gaps, alter guidelines
• track public acceptance
• inform immunization

Question 16

HPV vaccine surveillance

Answer 16

• decline in HPV associated lesions among vaccinated women
• prophylactic: needs to be given prior to exposure (declining effectiveness among age groups)
• 3 doses best, but all good